为什么兔单抗要优于鼠单抗和兔多抗?为什么兔单抗具有高特异性/亲和力?是什么让兔单抗称霸抗体界呢?带着问题,笔者参考了一些外文文献和一些经验给大家分享一下。
目前,大多数用于实验应用的还是鼠单抗。然而,鼠单抗体系的发展严重受限于鼠的脾脏小和近亲繁殖。相比之下,兔子拥有比鼠大约50倍的脾脏,且兔子的反之可以控制,从而使得兔单抗体系得以稳定、可靠的发展。
目前,商业化的兔单抗已经发展了两代:第一代是以杂交瘤技术为基础的单抗大规模制备平台,代表是艾博抗;第二代是以噬菌体展示技术为基础的大规模制备平台,代表是义翘神州。此外,鼠单抗在实验应用中受限于HAMA反应。兔单抗则不然,在实验室应用中要远远优于鼠单抗。对了各种来源的抗体,兔单抗至少具备以下五种优势:
①更广泛的抗体谱
②免疫球蛋白结构简单
③更高特异性和亲和力
④易于人源化
⑤优质单抗药的候选应用。
更广泛的抗体谱
从抗体开发的经验来看,兔的免疫系统可以产生识别更多独特表位的抗体。众所周知,兔有不同于人类和小鼠的免疫应答机制,当用外界抗原进行免疫时,兔能产生强于人和小鼠的免疫应答反应。人和小鼠通过组合连接重链的多个VH,D和JH基因片段和轻链的多个V(γ)和J(γ)基因片段来产生它们的主要抗体谱系。另外,体细胞超突变引起基因重排而产生的VJ和VDJ进一步丰富抗体谱,增加了抗体亲和力的多样性。虽然兔子的主要抗体谱系产生机制与人和小鼠类似,但是在抗体谱系的产生机制中,不但有体细胞超突变过程,额外还有一个基因转换机制,这就进一步丰富了兔子的抗体谱。也正因如此,兔抗甚至可以识别部分鼠抗不能识别的抗原。当你的实验应用中必须使用具有弱免疫原性的抗原时,选择兔但抗体系是非常明智的策略。
免疫球蛋白结构更简单
众所周知,免疫球蛋白为五类,它们由其重链类型定义:IgG为Cγ; Cμ用于IgM; Cα用于IgA; IgE为Cε,IgD为Cδ。研究发现,兔免疫球蛋白为四类(不含IgD)。兔血清中最丰富的免疫球蛋白是IgG,血清浓度为5-20mg/ml。与其他动物的IgG不同,兔IgG没有亚类。与小鼠和人IgG相比,兔IgG在N末端和D-E环中倾向于具有较少的氨基酸,并且在重链的可变区具有额外的二硫键,这可能是使得兔单抗稳定性更高的原因。正是由于兔IgG这种更简单的结构和更稳定的性质,才使得抗体药物开发中关键抗体的分子克隆变的更加容易,也使得实验室中的各种应用实验结果更加稳定。
更高亲和力
高亲和力是免疫试验成功的前提,也是衡量一个优质单抗的基础指标。抗体药物的非特异性相互作用会引起副作用,因此高亲和力对于制备一些优质抗体药物非常重要。大多数单抗的解离常数(Kd)在纳摩尔或亚纳米级别,但是兔单抗的在皮摩尔级,具有更高亲和力。兔单抗的高亲和力和高特异性,使得其具有更好的实验应用潜力。兔单抗在IHC应用中的优异表现也印证了我们的观点,简单可靠的兔单抗已经成为部分科学家的“小红人”。
易于人源化
为了降低单抗药物的免疫原性,目前,已经有多种方法可以使抗体中的动物基因含量达到最小化,最广泛使用的就是CDR移植。该方法的实质就是将适当的CDR编码区段插入人抗体框架,并在框架区内的一些结构上比较关键的残基被突变回到亲本残基,以此来重建原始抗原的亲和力和特异性。CDR移植后90%的序列是人源的,即使如此他也存在一些问题需要解决:第一,我们还很难去预测那些特定残基对抗体的具体作用。因此,需要比较密集的在体外和体内来测试不同人源化后的版本。第二,CDR移植的抗体显示出对其抗原的亲和力降低,需要基于体外的亲和力成熟来恢复人源化抗体中的亲和力。
最近开发了一种新的人源化技术,称之为Mutational Lineage-Guided(MLG)人源化技术,使RabMAb人源化更加容易。 MLG人源化在概念上和技术上都与CDR移植方法不同。将来自IgG序列集合的重链和轻链(VH和VL)的可变区的氨基酸序列对齐以形成系统发生树。相关抗体根据其序列的相似性进行分组。谱系相关组中的保守序列代表对IgG的结构和功能至关重要的残基。由于这些可变位置通常来自一个亲代B细胞的一组抗体,所以它们必须已被动物免疫系统有效地检查。因此,这些位置处的氨基酸取代人源化抗体应该是良好耐受的,并不牺牲抗体特异性和亲和力。更重要的是,这些变化不仅在框架区域中发现,而且在CDR中也被发现。因此,MLG人源化可以应用于框架区域和CDR的人源化。由于兔脾淋巴细胞数量众多,通过MLG人源化可以产生足够的有生物活性RabMAb来筛选出性能良好的人源化的RabMAb。
优质单抗药的筛选应用
21世纪初,生物医药发展迅速,单抗药已经占有了生物药很大的比重。我们也期望通过筛选优质单抗和药物靶点,来寻找至于肿瘤和癌症的潜在药物。在这个方面,兔子同样比小鼠具有优势,因为兔子中的脾脏含有比小鼠脾脏多出50倍的淋巴细胞。 可以从每个免疫的脾产生数百个抗体库,提供更多数量的识别不同表位的独立单克隆抗体。 因此,可以容易地获得一组具有生物活性的RabMAb用于进一步选择抗体药物引物。 RabMAb产生的稳健性提供了更高的成功率,所以RabMAb具有在相对较短的时间内获得最理想的药物潜力。
结论与展望
兔是众所周知的,可针对许多抗原产生多种抗体,包括在小鼠中不具有免疫原性的磷酸肽,碳水化合物和免疫原。来自兔的多克隆抗体已被证明在实验室中非常有用。然而,免疫期间的不一致和有限的抗体产生量阻碍其临床应用,直到可以产生兔单克隆抗体。但是,第一代兔单抗的发展极大地受到了骨髓瘤细胞系的局限,加之专利的缘故,价格高昂。而第二代兔单抗的出现,巧妙地绕开来骨髓瘤细胞的局限,通过融和噬菌体展示技术、基因工程抗体技术和多种表达和纯化技术,直接筛选有效抗体,成功实现了兔单抗产品的又一次发展。道路是曲折的,前途是光明的。
众多的RabMAb已广泛应用于生命科学研究的各种应用IHC、WB、IP和FCM。RabMAb已经被证明是免疫组织化学(IHC)中的优异试剂,并且在检测蛋白质的翻译后修饰,例如磷酸化和活化表现极好。此外,科学家还开发了一些RabMAb,用于检测针对癌症的靶向治疗中的生物标志物。兔单抗在科学研究领域的需求也是与日俱增,所以提供优质的兔单抗产品也显得尤为重要.
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