1. 我该如何处理和保存多肽?
冻干粉形式的多肽,经密封包装可在常温条件下稳定运输,溶解状态的多肽不宜长期保存。
多肽保存指南:需要长期保存的多肽,应以冻干粉形式存放在含有干燥剂的密封容器内,置于-20°C保存,-80°C效果更好,可以最大限度地避免多肽降解。这种储存方式可以使多肽可保存数年,避免了被细菌降解和氧化,也可以避免二级结构的形成。
打开包装: 在打开包装和称重前,请先将多肽在干燥器中平衡至室温。因多肽往往具有吸湿性,未经平衡到室温的多肽在打开盖子后易凝结,从而降低了多肽产品的稳定性。
称重: 迅速称取您所需的多肽,并将剩余多肽继续储存在-20°C或更低温度。与其他多肽相比,含有半胱氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸N -末端的多肽保存期更短。
2. 如何溶解多肽?
多肽的溶解性很大程度上取决于多肽的极性。酸性的蛋白溶解于碱性溶液,而碱性蛋白可溶解于酸性溶液,含有大量不带电荷的极性氨基酸残基或疏水性氨基酸的疏水性多肽和中性多肽可先溶解于少量有机溶剂中,如DMSO、DMF、醋酸、乙腈、甲醇、丙醇或异丙醇,然后加水(蒸馏水)稀释。含有甲硫氨酸或半胱氨酸的多肽不能用DMSO溶解,因为DMSO可能造成侧链氧化。
多肽溶解测试: 在多肽溶解之前先取小部分进行多肽溶解测试,您需要测试几种不同的溶剂,直到找到最适当的一种。超声处理有助于打碎颗粒并增加溶解度。(注意: 超声处理会引起溶液发热和多肽降解。)
将每个酸性氨基酸赋值为-1,包括天冬氨酸(D)、谷氨酸(E)、以及羧基末端-COOH。每个碱性氨基酸赋值为+1,包括精氨酸(R)、赖氨酸(K)、组氨酸(H)以及氨基末端-NH2。然后计算整个多肽的电荷数。
如果整段肽所带电荷是阳性的,说明该肽是碱性的。可先尝试用蒸馏水来溶解;如果不溶于水,接着尝试用少量10%-25%醋酸溶解,如果仍然失败的话,添加一些TFA(10-50微升)来增溶,然后用水稀释至理想浓度。
如果整段肽所带电荷是阴性的,说明该肽是酸性的。酸性的多肽可以尝试用PBS(PH 7.4)来溶解,如果不溶的话,添加少量的碱性溶剂,如0.1 M的碳酸氢铵,然后加水稀释至理想浓度。含有游离半胱氨酸的多肽应溶于脱气的酸性缓冲液中,因为当PH值大于7时,巯基会被迅速氧化成二硫化物。
如果整段肽电荷是零,说明肽是中性的。中性肽通常溶于有机溶剂。首先,尝试添加少量乙腈、甲醇或异丙醇。对于高度疏水的多肽,可使用少量的二甲基亚砜溶解,然后用水稀释至理想浓度。对于含有自由半胱氨酸的肽,需使用DMF而不是DMSO。对于有聚集倾向的肽,可添加6M盐酸胍或8M尿素,然后进行必要的稀释。
为了防止或尽量减少多肽降解,请将多肽以冻干粉形式保存在-20°C,-80°C更佳。如果需要保存溶液肽,最好分成小样存放,以避免反复冻融。一份样品融冻后未用完,应扔掉。细菌降解有时会成为溶液肽的麻烦,所以请将肽溶于无菌水或肽溶液过滤除菌。
碱性氨基酸: K, R, H, N-terminus
酸性氨基酸: D, E, C-terminus
极性中性氨基酸: F, I, L, M, V, W, Y
非极性疏水氨基酸: G, A, S, T, C, N, Q, P, 乙酰基,酰胺基
举例说明:
RKDEFILGASRHD: (+5) + (-4) = +1 认为是碱性多肽,见步骤2
EKDEFILGASEHR: (+4) + (-5) = -1 认为是酸性多肽,见步骤3
AKDEFILGASEHR: (+4) + (-4) = 0 认为是中性多肽,见步骤4
3.一个肽段是否可溶能预测吗?
我们无法通过研究多肽的结构来预测其在水中的溶解度。然而,赖氨酸的ε-氨基和精氨酸的胍通常有助于预测溶解度,尤其是短肽。与此相反,含有天门冬氨酸和谷氨酸的酸性肽往往是不易溶于水的,但易溶于稀氨水或碱性缓冲液。
4. 如何选择适合自己研究的多肽纯度?
粗品肽不推荐用于生物实验。粗肽可能含有大量的非肽类杂质,如残留的有机溶剂、清除剂、TFA和其他不完整肽。TFA不能被完全消除,通常交付的肽以TFA盐的形式存在。如果残留的TFA影响您的实验,我们推荐其他盐形式,如醋酸盐和盐酸盐等。这些盐通常比常规TFA盐贵20-30%以上。这是由于在转化过程中出现更多的肽损失和需要更多的原材料。
建议对各种项目采用以下级别的肽纯度:
>70% 肽纯度
肽微阵列
作为制备抗体的抗原
层析法
酶联免疫吸附试验检测抗血清滴度
>80% 肽纯度
免疫印迹法(非定量)
酶底物肽(非定量)
封闭肽(非定量)
亲和纯化
磷酸化检测
蛋白电泳的应用和免疫细胞化学
>95% 肽纯度
标准酶联免疫吸附试验和RIA(定量)
受体配体相互作用(定量)
体内、体外 生物学测定
酶的研究和阻断实验(定量)
NMR研究
质谱分析
其他定量检测
>98% 肽纯度
SAR研究
临床试验
APIs(药物活性成分)
工业品
X-ray晶体研究
其他敏感的实验:酶与底物、受体与配体相互作用、阻断和竞争实验
5. 什么是多肽的纯度?
多肽的纯度是指HPLC方法在214nm处检测到的目标多肽的含量(214nm是肽链的吸收波长),紫外分光光度计检测不到水和残留的盐不。可发现其他的杂质包括:缺失序列(缺失了一个或多个氨基酸残基的靶序列),截断序列(加帽过程中产生的序列)脱保护不完全序列(产生于整个合成过程或最后的裂解过程)。
多肽纯化不涉及水和盐。HPLC纯化会产生少量的TFA,如:游离的氨基末端和其他侧链如Arg、Lys、His都可生成少量TFA杂质。通常交付的多肽多含有微量TFA和残留水。即使处于冻干状态,水也会因共价结合的能力不同而不同程度地存在着。
在多肽中还存在哪些其他物质(杂质)?
纯化前的多肽中包含的杂质包括多肽和非多肽物质, 纯化后的多肽中包含的杂质除了TFA盐,大多数为序列被修改的多肽。
缺失了一个或多个氨基酸残基的靶序列
为避免缺失序列的产生而进行的加帽操作,截断序列即产生于加帽过程中
产生于整个合成过程或最后的裂解过程
保护基重新附着在多肽的其他位置
6. 什么是肽净含量?
肽净含量不同于多肽纯度。肽净含量是指与非肽物质(主要为抗衡离子和水)相比的多肽量。可通过氨基酸分析来确定肽净含量。如果您需要这项服务请在订单上明确。通常,亲水性多肽即使在严格的冻干状态下,也会吸收微量的水。因纯化和冻干工艺,会导致不同批次的肽净含量有所不同。
7. 如何合成多肽?
不同于天然蛋白质的合成,人工合成的方向是从C到N端。具体合成由下列几个循环组成:①去保护:Fmoc保护的柱子和单体必须用piperidine去除氨基的保护基团。②激活和交联:下一个氨基酸的羧基被一种活化剂所活化。活化的单体与游离的氨基反应交联,形成肽键。③循环:这两步反应反复循环直到合成完成。接着合成的肽从树脂切割和去保护。最后被沉淀、洗脱、冷冻干燥。
8.什么是原料药(APIs)、目录肽(catalog peptides)、合成肽(custom peptide synthesis)?
原料药(活性药物成分)是医药中具有药物活性的成分,如缩宫素、恩夫韦地等。目录肽是市场上销售的多肽,他们通常以较高的纯度水平批量生产。合成肽通常是根据客户的具体要求定制,如特定序列、修饰、不同纯度、不同长度等要求。
9. 什么是固相合成?
氯甲基聚苯乙烯树脂作为不溶性的固相载体,首先将一个氨基被封闭基团保护的氨基酸共价连接在固相载体上。在三氟乙酸的作用下,脱掉氨基的保护基,这样第一个氨基酸就接到了固相载体上了。然后氨基被封闭的第二个氨基酸的羧基通过N,Nˊ-二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC,Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide)活化,羧基被DCC活化的第二个氨基酸再与已接在固相载体的第一个氨基酸的氨基反应形成肽键,形成二肽。重复上述肽键形成反应,使肽链从C端向N端延长,直至达到所需要的肽链长度。
10.什么是树脂和链接剂?
树脂是一种以聚苯乙烯等为基质的聚合物支架,是人工合成的固相介质。不同的树脂有不同的特性。如聚乙二醇在非极性溶剂中膨胀,而聚苯乙烯在极性和非极性溶剂中都膨胀。链接剂是链接树脂支架与基质的中间结构。不同的链接剂,适用于基质中的不同功能团。
11. 什么是保护基团?
保护基团是能够结合功能基团并阻断其反应活性的片段。有些是acid-labile保护基团,如Boc和tert-Bu酯类物质。有些是base labile保护基团,如Fmoc和Fm酯类物质。还有一些是fluoride-labile保护基团,如Tmsec和Tmse酯类物质。为确保羧基和氨基间的有效耦合,保护基团应该易于被附加和去保护,且不影响其它肽段。
12. 为什么要进行N端乙酰化,C端酰胺化修饰?
化学合成的肽往往携带游离的氨基和游离的羧基。而肽的序列往往代表了母本蛋白的序列,为了与母本蛋白更为接近,肽末端往往需要封闭,即N端乙酰化和C端酰胺化,这些修饰会减少多肽的总电荷,降低多肽的溶解度,也可以使肽模拟它在母本蛋白中α氨基和羧基的原始状态。
如果需要对N端进行乙酰化修饰或对C端进行酰胺化修饰,请在下单时明确。合成一旦结束,则不能再进行修改。
13. 荧光标记时,肽和修饰标记的染料之间需要加一个间隔吗?
多数染料属于大分子量芳香族氨基酸,在多肽中引入这一类大型分子,为了避免多肽与标签之间发生相互作用,维持蛋白的构象及其生物学活性,我们推荐引入一个可弯曲的间隔区,比如Ahx, Ahx是一个含有6碳分子的环状结构,可以维持荧光标签的稳定性。否则,FITC很容易结合多肽序列中的半胱氨酸残基或者赖氨酸残基。
通常情况下,生物素、FITC一类的染料既可以标记在蛋白的氨基端也可以标记在蛋白的羧基端。然而,为了在最短时间内,最便捷又高效地合成多肽,泽溪源推荐客户选择标记在氨基端。因为一个多肽的合成往往是从羧基端开始的,这样一来,氨基端的修饰便成为最后一个环节,不需要再进行特别的结合作用。反之,羧基端修饰需要额外的环节,因此过程更加复杂。
14.怎样计算多肽的浓度?
Peptide Purity is the percentage target sequence amongst the total quantity of peptides. Because peptide bond formation in synthesis is not 100% efficient, not all polypeptide chains are the target sequence. Some chains may not go to completion, or amino acids may not properly bond on certain chains. These deleted sequences make up a certain percentage of peptides in your mixture. We analyze and purify crude peptides using Reverse Phase HPLC in conjunction with Mass Spec Analysis to attain the desired target sequence purity.
After your peptide is purified and lyophilized, the white peptide powder will contain some non-peptide components such as water, absorbed solvents, counter ions and salts. Net peptide content consists of the actual percentage weight of peptide in your final product. This number varies, anywhere from 50 to 90 percent, depending on the purity, sequence and method of synthesis and purification. When calculating the concentration of peptide solution for biological assays or other sensitive peptide experiments, it is essential that you account for peptide content. Peptide concentrations can be determined by subtracting away the non-peptide weight determining the volume of solvent in which to dissolve. For example, when using 1mg of final product to make a 1mg/ml solution of peptide with a content of 80%, you would use 800ul of solvent instead of 1000ul.
Peptide content is not an indication of peptide purity; these are two measurements. Purity is determined by HPLC and indicates the presence/absence of contaminating peptides with undesired sequences. Net peptide content only gives information on the percent of total peptide versus total non-peptide components independently of the presence of multiple peptides. Net peptide content is accurately found by performing amino acid analysis or UV spectrophotometry.
It is difficult to determine the actual peptide concentration based on the weight of the lyophilized peptide. Lyophilized peptides may contain 10-70% water and salts by weight. More hydrophilic peptides generally contain more bound water and salts compared to hydrophobic peptides.
If the peptide has a chromophore in the sequence (W or Y residues), peptide concentration can be conveniently determined based on the extinction coefficient of these residues.
The following steps can be used for the calculations:
Molar extinction coefficients of chromophoric residues at 280 nm at neutral pH using a 1-cm cell:
Tryptophan 5560 AU/mmole/ml
Tyrosine 1200 AU/mmole/ml
The extinction coefficient of each chromophore in the peptide sequence is generally considered to be additive, that is, the overall molar extinction coefficient of the peptide depends on the types and number of these choromophoric residues in the sequence.
Calculations: mg peptide per ml = (A280 x DF x MW) / e, where A280 is the actual absorbance of the solution at 280 nm in a 1-cm cell, DF is the dilution factor, MW is the molecular weight of the peptide and e is the molar extinction coefficient of each chromophore at 280 nm
Hypothetical example: A 50X diluted solution of a peptide with the sequence GRKKRRQRRRPPQQ (MW = 1847) reads 0.5 AU at 280 nm in a 1-cm cell. To calculate the original peptide concentration in the stock peptide solution:
Mg peptide/ml = (0.5AU x 50 x 1847 mg/mmole) / [(1 x 5560) + (2 x 1200)] AU/mmole/ml = 5.8
Cautions:
Any absorbance calculation assumes that the peptide is unfolded and the chromophores are exposed, which is usually the case in short, soluble peptides. If there are doubts about the solubility or the folding of the peptide, it is advisable to make the measurement under denaturing conditions (e.g., 6M GdnHCl or 8M urea). Obviously, these peptide solutions will be rendered useless, unless the denaturants are removed.
If the sequence does not have Trp or Tyr, the only practical option is to do amino acid analysis.
15. 如何利用SDS-PAGE法去除小的多肽?
您的样品中是否含有<20 kDa的目标蛋白? 请点击下载关于 用SDS-PAGE法去除小分子合成肽的方案。Tricine-SDS-PAGE方案其中包括考玛斯亮蓝染色和电泳的实验方法。
Tricine-SDS-PAGE被普遍用于分离分子量为1-100 kDa的蛋白,它被认为是分辨<30 kDa蛋白的首选电泳系统。
16. 如何将多肽溶解在DMSO中?
二甲基亚砜(DMSO)是一种含硫有机化合物,分子式为(CH3)2SO,常温下为无色无臭的透明液体。DMSO作为冷冻保护剂经常应用于细胞库。在细胞冷冻过程中,DMSO可防止胞内/胞外晶体的形成,其工作浓度为10%。DMSO通常可与盐或血清白蛋白结合。
疏水性多肽可以很容易地溶解在DMSO中。但DMSO可增加细胞的通透性,若多肽溶解于DMSO中则会对细胞产生毒性作用。高浓度的DMSO绝不可应用于细胞培养中。浓度为5%的DMSO即可让细胞膜溶解。大多数细胞株可以容忍0.5% DMSO,少许可以容忍1%的浓度,而不表现出严重的细胞毒性。然而原代细胞培养对其更敏感。所以如果是用原代细胞做剂量/反应曲线(可行性),其浓度应低于0.1%。
对于某些疏水性非常高的多肽,可先尝试将其溶解在少量的DMSO(30-50ul,100%)中,然后慢慢 (一滴一滴地)将其添加到不断搅拌的水溶液如PBS或其他想要的缓冲液中,直至理想浓度。如果滴加过程中,肽溶液开始变浑浊,说明已经达到了溶解极限。另外,超声波有助于多肽溶解。
经验:
对几乎所有的细胞来说,浓度为0.1%DMSO是安全的。
广泛被用于细胞培养的DMSO终浓度为0.5%,不会引起细胞毒性。
虽然对部份细胞来说,1%DMSO也不会产生细胞毒性,但我们推荐0.5%。
也有5%DMSO成功地应用于某些细胞的案例。
始终保持终浓度在0.5%,但储存时可200倍高浓度溶于100%的DMSO中。
我们主要提供:多肽合成、定制多肽、同位素标记肽、人工胰岛素、磷酸肽、生物素标记肽、荧光标记肽(Cy3、Cy5、Fitc、AMC等)、目录肽、偶联蛋白(KLH、BSA、OVA等)、化妆品肽、多肽文库构建、抗体服务、糖肽、订书肽、药物肽、RGD环肽等。
合肥国肽生物官网:http://www.bankpeptide.com
欢迎咨询服务热线:17718122172;17718122684;17730030476;17718122397
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