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利用PQQ依赖型脱氢酶实现一锅双酶生物催化胺化外消旋仲烯丙醇

202011月,格拉茨大学化学研究所Wolfgang Kroutil团队在ChemCatChem上发表了题为“PQQ-dependent Dehydrogenase Enables One-pot Bi-enzymatic Enantio-convergent Biocatalytic Amination of Racemic sec-Allylic Alcohols”的文章。

手性烯丙基胺是有机化学中用途广泛的物质,在药物合成等方面有着广泛的应用。目前已有多种方法制备手性烯丙基胺,但直接利用金属催化未活化的烯丙基醇立体选择性胺化制备无保护伯烯丙基胺的研究还未见报道。其中一个可能的原因是烯丙醇在选定的金属催化剂存在下发生异构化。生物催化法已成为合成手性胺的温和、可持续的替代方法。有研究通过将醇脱氢酶/氧化酶的氧化与转氨酶/胺脱氢酶的不对称胺化相结合,对(外消旋)非仲烯丙醇进行级联胺化(图1)。最近有报道使用TEMPO与漆酶结合氧化外消旋仲烯丙醇,然后使用转氨酶进行还原胺化,从而以29-75%的收率获得手性胺。虽然该方法的非对映选择性化学氧化可以转化两种对映异构体,但它需要非天然且非化学选择性试剂(TEMPO)与氧化酶的组合。

1  外消旋烯丙基仲醇的立体选择性胺化

该反应的理想情况是仅使用两种酶:一种酶进行非对映选择性氧化,另一种酶对中间α,β-不饱和酮进行胺化。而在以前的研究中,外消旋仲醇的生物胺化仅在氧化步骤中就需要至少两种酶,即对每个对映体都需要一种酶,或者在只使用一种酶的情况下转化率无法达到90%。由此可见,使用对外消旋底物具有低对映选择性的单一氧化酶实现高产的醇胺化级联反应是困难的。

为了寻找一种能够氧化外消旋体的两个对映体的单一酶,作者对Devosia mutans来源的吡咯喹啉醌(PQQ)依赖型脱氢酶(PQQ-DH)进行了研究。PQQ-DHs以Fe(III)作为氧化剂,氧化剂和酶存在于同一相中,避免了需要分子氧的氧化酶面临的两相传质困难的挑战。21℃下,16 µM PQQ-DH_Dm纯酶能在0.5小时内定量氧化Tris-HCl(100 mM, pH 7.5)中10 mM的外消旋底物rac-1a-4a。如表1所示,根据底物的不同,该酶对外消旋体的表观值在0.9-1.8 U/mg之间变化,其中rac-4a的氧化速度最快(1.8 U/mg)。由于在应用中,使用粗酶制剂或包含过表达酶的渗透性大肠杆菌细胞比使用纯化酶更受青睐,因此使用冻干大肠杆菌/PQQ-DH_Dm细胞重新研究氧化。结果证明,这种粗制制剂也可以使用,在底物浓度为10mM时,24小时内可达到90-98%的转化率。对于所有研究的底物,都是(S)型对映体被优先氧化。因此,PQQ-DH_Dm与先前报道的O2依赖的氧化酶(如HMFO)具有相同的立体偏好。此外,PQQ-DH的有机溶剂耐受性相当令人鼓舞,因为该酶在高达30% v/v的DMSO中具有活性。采用水性两相系统时,异辛烷和正庚烷的用量最高可达50% v/v。

1  利用Devosia mutans来源的PQQ依赖型脱氢酶氧化外消旋仲烯丙醇

考虑到胺化试剂如2-丙胺或1-苯乙胺也可能与α,β-不饱和酮发生迈克尔加成反应,不饱和酮的胺化可能容易产生不需要的副产物。通过测试各种(R)-选择性酶对1b-4b的立体选择性胺化,ArRmut11 ω-TA被确定为最合适的酶(表2)。在三种胺供体[2-丙胺(5c),(R)-1-苯乙胺(R)-6c和1,2-二氨基环己烷]中,(R)-1-苯乙胺(R)-6c的转化率最高。在所有情况下,都获得了光学纯的(R)-烯丙基胺(R)-1c-4c (>98% ee)。为了获得(S)-对映体,以酮1b作为底物,对源自Silicibacter pomeroyi的转氨酶进行了鉴定。酮1b的胺化转化率为97%,可得到光学纯(S)-1c (>98% ee)(表2)。将该转氨酶用于其他α,β-不饱和酮的不对称胺化,均生成光学纯(S)-胺(S)-2c-4c。因此,通过选择合适的转氨酶,(R)-和(S)-烯丙基胺1c-4c均能够以光学纯形式获得。

2  α,β-不饱和酮1b-4b的立体选择性胺化反应

接下来作者研究了将外消旋的仲烯丙醇转化为光学纯胺的级联反应,氧化和胺化步骤在一锅内同时启动,但只生成了少量的胺(2-6%),这主要是由于PQQ-DH与第二步的胺供体不相容。因此,级联改为按顺序进行,且每个步骤使用最优条件。在pH 7.0氧化后,加入转氨酶、PLP和胺供体,调整pHpH 8.0,进行24小时的胺化反应。结果表明,外消旋醇rac-1a-3a的不对称(R)-胺化反应完成,得到光学纯胺(R)-1c-3c (>98% ee)(3)。对于所有的级联反应,作者分别分析了氧化步骤的转化,结果证明在加入胺化剂之前氧化已经完成。

3  外消旋丙烯醇的双酶(R)(S)立体选择性胺化

综上所述,对映收敛型生物催化顺序级联能够将外消旋烯丙醇转化为相应伯胺的单一对映体,在氧化还原过程中只需要两种酶。尽管烯丙醇以及中间体α,β不饱和酮是易于发生副反应的化合物,但这种级联反应具有高化学选择性,并未检测到任何副产物。氧化是通过具有低对映选择性的PQQ依赖型脱氢酶实现的,其以Fe(III)作为氧化剂,从而避免了辅助因子回收的需要以及处理分子氧等气体的挑战。本文也报道了酶催化α,β-不饱和酮的还原胺化反应,得到了光学纯的(R)-或(S)-胺对映体,证明了与Fe(III)结合的PQQ依赖型脱氢酶是用于氧化仲烯丙醇的非常有趣且有用的酶,并且可用于具有挑战性的顺序级联反应,例如制备光学纯的烯丙基胺,为合成应用开辟了新的道路。

论文链接:https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202001707



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