DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11230-0
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (2021) 105:3169–3180
Feng Liu, ChaoShou, QiangGeng, Chen Zhao, Jianhe Xu, Huilei Yu
近年来,手性亚砜药物的生物催化合成因其环境友好性而受到关注。然而,只有少数天然生物催化剂可用于亚砜药物的高效合成。(R)-兰索拉唑是一种手性亚砜药物,用于治疗胃肠道疾病手性质子泵抑制剂(PPI)。虽然已有几种酶被报道可用于埃索美拉唑(奥美拉唑的S-对映体)的生物催化,但没有一种可用于生产(R)-兰索拉唑。该课题组之前的研究发现的BoBVMO可以将兰索拉唑硫化物(LPS)氧化成(R)-兰索拉唑,具有出色的对映选择性,尽管活性极低且蛋白质表达较差(图1)。在本文研究中,为高效合成(R)-兰索拉唑和其他药物亚砜,BoBVMO的序列被用作同源搜索的模板,通过基因组挖掘来鉴定新的BVMO。经过虚拟序列的过滤、目标基因克隆、异源表达和兰索拉唑硫化物(LPS)单加氧活性筛选,在10,000多个同源BVMO中鉴定出7个新的BVMO。根据保守序列和系统发育树分析,这些发现的酶属于I型BVMOs家族和乙硫异烟胺单加氧酶亚型。其中,来自Cupriavidus basilensis的Baeyer-Villiger单加氧酶CbBVMO在将LPS转化为(R)-兰索拉唑方面表现出最高的效率和优异的对映选择性。此外,CbBVMO对其他大体积的拉唑族硫化物显示出广泛的底物谱。
为了获得具有药物硫化物活性的潜在BVMO序列,文章首先使用NCBI的在线BLAST服务器输入天然BoBVMO的序列以搜索同源序列,获得超过10,000个与BoBVMO具有20-90%相似性的同源序列。为了减少实验时间,文章选择了949个序列,这些序列对应的63个基因组在本实验室中保藏。以90%的序列同源性为阈值过滤冗余序列以进一步缩小筛选范围,选定了142个蛋白进行异源表达。最终有68个BVMO在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)细胞中成功表达。经过活性筛选,7个BVMO表现出LPS氧化活性,并产生具有优异对映选择性的(R)-兰索拉唑,e.e.值高达99%。
所有七个鉴定的BVMO序列都包含两个相反的罗斯曼折叠基序GxGxx(G/A),一个基序位于N末端附近,另一个位于序列的中间(图2)。
图2 7个BVMO序列比对
短序列基序FxGxxxHxxxW(P/D)在除了NnBVMO外的其他六种酶中是严格保守的(图2),这表明它们都是I型BVMO,这是一类NADPH和FAD依赖性酶,属于B类黄素蛋白单加氧酶。在N端罗斯曼折叠基序和I型BVMO指纹基序之间,另一个BVMO特异性基序[A/G]GxWxxxx[F/Y]P[G/M]xxxD在所有七个BVMO中也保守(图2)。PAMO中的Asp66(对应于CbBVMO中的Asp75)已被证明通过与NADP+辅酶直接相互作用在催化中起关键作用。将七个BVMO与其他研究良好的I型BVMO进行序列比对以生成系统发育树(图3)。
图3 7个BVMO与其他I型BVMO系统发育树
通过与其他经过充分研究的I型BVMOs比对发现,本文发现的BVMO都被分配到同一个单加氧酶(EtaA)簇。具有最高LPS转化率的三种BVMO:CbBVMO、RjBVMO、BcBVMO)得到了纯化,并进一步比较了它们对LPS的比活性、热稳定性和蛋白质表达水平。经过综合比较,CbBVMO(NCBI登录号WP_059411749.1)被选为(R)-兰索拉唑不对称合成的潜在生物催化剂。CbBVMO与其他具有晶体结构的BVMO之间的序列一致性小于28%。
以LPS作为底物,文章研究了温度对CbBVMO活性的影响。在30°C下观察到CbBVMO的活性最高。与BoBVMO最适活性pH 9.0不同,CbBVMO最佳pH值为8.0。此外,CbBVMO在7.5-9.5的pH范围内保留了其最大活性的90%,表明CbBVMO是更宽的pH适用范围的单加氧酶。CbBVMO在30°C下预孵育16小时的残留活性为31%。
脂肪酮、非芳香环酮、芳香酮和芳香硫化物化合物被用来探索CbBVMO的底物谱。结果表明CbBVMO对脂肪族酮的催化活性随着链长的增加而增加,对2-癸酮的比活性最高(1.47U/mg蛋白质)。当碳原子数增加到15时,比活性降低。当底物为2-庚酮时,产生两种酯(正常酯:异常酯=94:6,摩尔比),当底物空间位阻增加时,CbBVMO显示出优异的区域选择性,只生成正常脂。使用非芳香环酮和芳香酮作为底物时未检测到活性,包括环己酮、环辛烯酮、苯乙酮、4-羟基苯乙酮、4-羟基苯丙酮和戊苯酮。在芳香族硫化物化合物中,包括苯硫醚、4-甲硫基苯甲醚、4-氯苯硫醚、4-氟苯甲硫醚、4-硝基苯硫醚、4-羟基苯甲硫醚和乙基苯硫醚,只有苯硫醚可以被CbBVMO氧化,得到(S)-亚砜产物,e.e.值61%。这些结果表明CbBVMO更倾向于将中链和长链脂肪族酮转化为相应的酯,具有良好的区域选择性。
CbBVMO对LPS的比活性为39 mU/mg,远高于BoBVMO的0.69 mU/mg。除了LPS,其结构类似物(硫化物S1-S11)作为拉唑族亚砜的前体,也被当作CbBVMO潜在底物催化不对称亚砜化。如图4所示:
图4 拉唑族硫化物
结果表明:所有测试的大体积拉唑族硫化物都能被氧化成相应的手性亚砜,具有更高的比活性(与LPS相比)和优异的对映体选择性(~99%,ee)。其中,底物S2、S8、S9和S11的产物均为(R)-构型,而其他产品的绝对构型尚未确定。值得注意的是,底物LPS、S2、S8和S9分别是兰索拉唑、奥美拉唑、泮托拉唑和雷贝拉唑的前体,它们是最畅销的几种PPI。
文章还在10mM酶浓度,10mL反应规模下,测试了CbBVMO催化LPS、S2、S8和S9不对称亚砜化。所有四种大体积的拉唑族硫化物均成功转化为相应的(R)-亚砜,具有较高转化率和优异的对映纯度(≥99% ee),这与报道的大多数其他生物催化剂的立体化学构型相反,也是最有效的报道了(R)-兰索拉唑的生物合成实例。这些结果表明,CbBVMO是一种很有前途的生物催化剂,可用于手性拉唑家族亚砜的酶促合成。
尽管CbBVMO在(R)-兰索拉唑等药物亚砜(PPI)的生物催化合成方面表现出巨大潜力,但需要指出的是,CbBVMO的催化效率仍处于较低水平。这个问题可能会通过蛋白质工程和反应工程得到妥善解决,且正在论文作者的实验室中进行。总之,新发现的天然CbBVMO对庞大的拉唑族硫化物的不对称亚砜化表现出优异的性能。
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