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如何保存纯化后的蛋白质?

分子生物学实验室的童鞋们一定都或多或少跟蛋白质纯化打过交道。蛋白质纯化后,大家是如何保存的呢?有没有遇到过不同批次纯化的蛋白,采用同样的测试方法,活性却不太一样?有没有遇到过新纯化的蛋白,从冰箱拿出融化后,居然沉淀了?蛋白质毕竟是生物体内的大分子,提纯后如果保存不当,会很容易失活变性。 下面我们就聊一聊纯化后蛋白的保存问题。

原则
保存蛋白质应该遵循下面这几个原则:

1. 低温
低温下保存蛋白质是极其必要的。低温意味着更低的能量,低温下蛋白质分子热运动较低,其内部的成键不容易断裂。另外,在低温下,微生物不容易生长,可能存在的蛋白酶的活性也会很低,这些更容易保证蛋白质的活性。

2. 分装
蛋白质有时候是需要冷冻保存的,但我们使用蛋白质时却是在室温或者更高的温度。冻融这一过程会对蛋白质造成不可逆的损伤。因此我们需要尽量减少冻融的次数。纯化后的蛋白质,进行分装保存,每次需要多少便融化多少,保证蛋白质样品只经历一次冻融。

3. 浓缩
纯化后的蛋白质尽量以高浓度保存,浓度最好在1mg/ml以上,高浓度更有利于蛋白质的稳定。高浓度的另一个好处是防止蛋白质分子黏贴在塑料或玻璃材质的管壁上。不要惊讶哟,疏水性蛋白质是很容易粘贴在管壁上的。

4. 速冻/速融(Flash freeze)
在蛋白质溶液冷冻的过程中,纯水首先结冰,蛋白质分子会被暴露在极高的盐浓度或pH下,这会破坏蛋白的活性。因此,需要尽可能缩短冷冻的过程。速冻可以在液氮中进行,也可以在干冰,乙醇和丙酮的混合物中进行。速冻后,蛋白质可以保存在-20度或-80度中。同样的道理,蛋白质融化的过程也要尽可能的快速,可以在温水中进行。

5. 添加剂
蛋白质需要保存在合适的缓冲液中。同时缓冲液中还可以添加一些保护剂,比如保存在-20度时,可以添加10%-50%的甘油,这样可以防止蛋白质冷冻,不需要经历冻融。同时还可以添加一些抗菌试剂,比如叠氮化钠(sodium azide),可以防止细菌生长。或者蛋白酶抑制剂(PMSF),抑制蛋白酶对蛋白质的破坏。另外,还可以添加一些还原剂,如DTT,防止蛋白质的氧化。在选择添加剂时,一定要保证所加试剂不会影响到蛋白的活性。

保存方法
蛋白质的的保存方法的选择完全取决于蛋白质的稳定性以及保存后什么时候再次使用你的蛋白。

短期保存(1周内):
对于短期保存,大多数蛋白可以保存在4 摄氏度下。4摄氏度下保存面临最大的问题是微生物的污染。因此,如果保存时间超过24小时,建议利用0.22 um的滤膜过滤样品,除菌后保存在无菌的管子中。值得注意的是,并不是所有的蛋白质都适合保存在4度下。

长期保存:
对于长期保存,冷冻是必须的。蛋白质溶液在速冻后可以在-20度或-80度中进行,-80度下的蛋白可以保存更长久。长期保存蛋白质的另一个方式是冻干(lyophilization)。蛋白质冻干后会呈现蓬松的白色粉末形式,处于完全脱水的状态,可以在冰箱中无限期保存。然而,对于某些蛋白质,冻干操作有一个潜在问题就是蛋白质不能复溶。冻干/复溶的过程同样会对蛋白质产生一定的伤害作用。

注意事项
1. 无菌
进行蛋白质操作实验时一定要带手套。实验室中戴手套多是为了保护自己,但在生化实验中,蛋白质却是需要我们保护的对象。我们的皮肤上有一些蛋白酶,这些蛋白酶很可能会降解掉我们的蛋白样品。皮肤上的其他化学分子也可能会污染蛋白样品。另外,为了防止细菌的生长,蛋白质最好保存在灭菌的小管中。
2.避免震荡
震荡产生的剪切力有可能会对蛋白质产生破坏作用。震荡时溶液中会产生气泡,氧气的进入会导致蛋白质处在氧化环境中。蛋白质中含有半胱氨酸,其极易被氧化为胱氨酸,这一过程很可能会破环蛋白质的活性。



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