NA克隆带来的那场分子生物学革命已经过去了四十多年。在这段时间里,DNA的克隆工具并没有发生多大的变化,对于许多研究者而言,DNA克隆仍然意味着限制性酶切消化和DNA连接。
不过据Thermo Fisher产品开发经理Lisa Stillwell介绍,这种传统方法也存在着一些明显的局限。首先,关键的酶切位点可能出现在需要组装的序列中,需要更加复杂的克隆方案。
而且一般的限制性内切酶,并不适合组装两个以上的片段。就算只组装两个片段也是很麻烦的,在消化和连接之间还需要进行多个步骤,比如去磷酸化和回收纯化。
此外,传统的限制性内切酶克隆技术,会在两个片段的结合位置上形成一道“疤”或“缝”,这种瑕疵可能会对DNA片段的行为产生微妙的影响。这一点特别令合成生物学家头疼,因为他们常常要将启动子和终止子这样的DNA片段转变为可预测的独立元件。
于是,基于合成生物学领域的旺盛需求,“无缝”克隆技术横空出世。
Gibson组装
Gibson Assembly®由J. Craig Vente研究所的Daniel Gibson开发,是最常用的新兴克隆方案之一。这一技术被用来构建了第一个人造细胞(Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.)的基因组。Gibson组装是一种简单的等温一步拼接法,只需要一种master mix(含有三种酶)和大约一小时的孵育。
在Gibson组装之前,需要对待克隆的DNA片段(包括载体)进行PCR扩增,添加15 bp到30 bp的短重叠序列。这些序列可以保证DNA片段按正确的顺序进行拼接。然后就可以将这些片段直接添入到50℃的克隆反应,DNA外切酶先从5’端降解核苷酸产生粘性末端,然后相邻片段之间的重叠序列退火,最后DNA聚合酶和DNA连接酶将序列填充,形成完整的双链DNA分子,实现无痕拼接。
NEB公司负责Gibson克隆产品的产品经理Cathy Shea指出,这一反应经过优化已经可以用来拼接六个片段,能拼接最小约120bp的片段,也能拼接12kb的片段。SGI-DNA的Justin Bingham介绍,Gibson组装可以拼接超过80kb的片段,SGI-DNA属于Synthetic Genomics公司,专门为用户提供DNA合成服务。
“Gibson拼接的优势在于它非常快,”Shea说。Gibson组装能直接使用PCR片段,不需要回收步骤,而且可以处理多个片段。但Gibson组装也有缺陷,这一过程没有生成限制性位点,因此把拼接片段转移到另一个载体并不很容易。Shea建议,如果你之后需要转移克隆的片段,那最好事先设计好限制性位点。
GeneArt无缝克隆与组装
Life Technologies公司的GeneArt® Seamless Cloning and Assembly试剂盒也是一个常用的拼接工具。首先,要将含有重叠序列的DNA片段与载体一同添入组装循环,进行外切酶消化、退火和填充。随后将组装的序列转入细胞,通过同源重组闭合DNA环。
Stillwell还介绍了GeneArt® Seamless PLUS Cloning and Assembly试剂盒,该产品能在一个30分钟的室温反应中,组装总共40kb的五个DNA片段(四个插入片段和一个载体片段),最后的连接步骤在E. coli中完成。而GeneArt t® High-Order Genetic Assembly System能够在酿酒酵母(S. cerevisiae)中组装高达110kb的10个片段,但这一过程需要三天时间。
Life Technologies公司也为用户提供了专门的设计工具——GeneArt® Primer and Construct。
Type IIs克隆
Type IIs克隆依赖于IIs型限制性内切酶,也被称为Golden Gate克隆。
传统II型限制性内切酶结合和切割回文序列(例如GGATCC),形成粘性末端。而IIs型限制性内切酶结合不对称的识别元件,并在识别位点以外进行切割。Type IIs克隆法就是在同一反应体系中,利用IIs型限制性内切酶在识别位点之外切开DNA,产生含粘性末端的片段,再用连接酶将几个片段按顺序连接,拼成不含酶识别位点的DNA。
Life Technologies公司提供三种GeneArt Type IIs组装试剂盒,分别含有AarI、BsaI和BbsI三种酶,用户可以通过该公司的在线工具设计Type IIs克隆。“这种技术能以任何顺序无缝组装多个DNA片段(最多八个)到兼容载体上,”Stillwell说。
Sylvestre Marillonnet领导德国Icon Genetics的研究人员开发了一种自动化的Golden Gate标准流程,将其称为MoClo(还有一种类似流程称为GoldenBraid)。据介绍MoClo主要通过模拟BioBrick策略简化组装过程,特别适于完成组合性的任务。
“这一技术可以将十个不同的质粒(1个接收载体,另外9个含有要克隆的片段),一次性组装起来”Marillonnet说。研究团队使用MoClo,只通过三步就组装了含有27个转录单元的86kb质粒,每个转录单元含有一个启动子、一个编码序列和一个终止子,总共81个片段。
与Gibson组装和GeneArt无缝克隆不同的是,Type IIs克隆不依赖于相邻片段之间的同源性,因此能够准确组装含有重复性元件的片段。这一技术的关键缺陷在于,要克隆的片段中不能含有IIs型限制性内切酶的识别序列。
Marillonnet已经将这种克隆的必要载体提交了Addgene,但实验方案必须手动设计,没有可用的软件工具。
限制性内切酶仍有一席之地
每一种技术都有自己的长处和短板,需要我们根据自己的应用加以选择。实际上,许多无缝克隆方案是互补的,Shea说。举例来说,Gibson组装很容易入手,它不需要特殊的载体,特别适合直接克隆PCR片段。但是如果要切下克隆,就需要片段两侧具有限制性内切酶的识别位点。此外,如果要拼接的片段彼此同源也比较棘手,比如含有重复性元件。
对于组合性的复杂组装来说(例如在一个转录单元上测试多个启动子),Golden Gate克隆将是一个理想的选择。不过要确保拼接片段中不含有IIs型限制性位点,必须事先将这样的序列删除。
然而,限制性内切酶依然在分子实验室中占有一席之地。因为对于绝大多数实验室而言,多年来构建的载体都用的是限制性内切酶,因此这种酶仍旧是切除和转移这些片段的最简单途径。此外,也需要用限制性内切酶来检验克隆的准确性。
当然你也可以直接定制复杂的大片段。DNA合成公司能构建很大的序列并进行质控,举例来说,SGI-DNA公司可以实现2Mb的序列拼接,差不多是当年Venter合成细胞的两倍。
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