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年终盘点:Tolobio评选的2018年度合成生物学十大进展

2018年年底,Science杂志评出了这一年的10大年度进展。在这里,小编总结了合成生物学研究领域的10大进展。小编选择的这些研究都是合成生物学某一领域的重大突破,而不是孤立的研究,相信这些研究将在今后还会有一系列的突破和应用。当然了,这些筛选纯属小编的个人偏好,有不恰当之处,还请指出。

图片由maple绘制

01.可编程微生物群落
几千年来,微生物群落一直被用于生物技术过程,包括发酵,废物处理和农业。如今,合成生物学家越来越多地设计用于各种应用的微生物群落,包括从廉价碳源生物生产药物,生物燃料和生物材料。对天然微生物生态系统的更好理解,以及开发用于构建合成群落和编程其行为的新工具,将极大地扩展可由相互作用的微生物群体执行的功能。

02.无细胞转录-翻译系统(TXTL)
这可以从纳米级一直到毫米级的工程生物学。用于构建、表征和探索在生物体外实施的遗传编程的生物分子系统。通过在体外重现基因表达,TXTL提供了无与伦比的灵活性,可以定量分离、设计和分析化学品,物理和遗传背景对生化系统功能的影响,从简单的调控元件到毫米级的模式形成。

03.DNA记录与条形码
DNA记录技术是将基因组DNA作为一种动态的存储介质,以便在活细胞中记录和存储应激信息。自诞生以来,该技术已经取得了巨大的进步并展现了无限的发展潜力,但是在记录架构的改进方面仍然存在很大的空间,特别是在记录容量、稳定性、适应性、细胞资源消耗、编写效率和分辨率等方面;这些技术的进步将会显著提高我们以动态和多线路的方式来记录和存储DNA信息的能力。

04.CRISPR核酸检测
基于CRISPR的核酸检测方法被誉为“下一代分子诊断”系统,具有速度快、灵敏度高、特异性强、操作简便、价格便宜等优势。因此,SHERLOCK和HOLMES等快速检测方法的建立后就立刻受到了分子诊断领域的热烈关注,并被赋予重大的期望。然而现有CRISPR检测技术仍然依赖于对靶标核酸进行扩增和富集以获得足够的检测信号;因此,为实现更好的检测灵敏度和建立更简单的检测体系(如不依赖于靶标核酸富集),新Cas蛋白的挖掘和新方法的建立仍然是必要的和值得期待的。此外,CRISPR诊断技术要想和现有分子诊断技术(如荧光定量PCR或NGS高通量测试等)在商业市场上开展竞争,必须尽快开发基于CRISPR诊断技术的检测设备、样本处理体系和大量的检测试剂盒,并在效率和成本上展现它的优势。

05.非天然碱基非天然氨基酸
自然界将ACGT四种碱基组成长链的排列顺序作为生命密码(即DNA),然后从特定的区域开始将一段信息转录成RNA(ACGU),然后又以RNA为模板将其翻译成20种氨基酸组成的长链——蛋白质。如今,有科学家用人造碱基X和Y嵌入到生命密码中。并且,成功的在细胞内复制传代,甚至翻译产生含有非天然氨基酸的蛋白质。这种半合成生命,不仅从理论上能让我们更深入去了解生命,同时,非天然蛋白质的产生为蛋白质的研究、新药开发到特殊功能细胞的开发拓展了新的领域。这是对天然生命世界的拓展。在基础研究、工业应用等大量领域有用!

06.人工智能与合成生物学
机器学习是一组旨在从多维数据集构建预测模型的数据分析技术,正在成为现代生物学研究不可或缺的一部分。从大型数据集中学习并对可能结果产生预测模型,机器学习可用于研究复杂的细胞系统,如生物网络。机器学习和网络生物学会影响疾病生物学、药物发现、微生物组研究和合成生物学。
明年Nature将会新出一个关于人工智能的子刊。相信AI将大大改变和加速生物学的研究。

07.材料学与合成生物学
一方面DNA等生物材料可编程化制造特殊材料;另一方面无机材料用于合成生物学,例如无机生物混合系统具有潜在的与生物细胞的合成潜在集成半导体的捕光属性是可持续的,高效率,和通用的化学合成平台。

08.微生物活体医疗工程
微生物可以被设计成像活体治疗剂一样,用于在人体内进行特定作用。从抗击和预防感染到消除肿瘤和治疗代谢紊乱,工程化生命系统将是下一代疗法。 近年来,合成生物学家大大扩展了微生物生物疗法的遗传工具箱,增加了传感器、调节器、记忆回路、输送装置和杀伤开关。 这些进步为成功设计具有传感、生产和生物防护装置的全功能生活疗法铺平了道路。 但是,工具箱中仍然缺少一些重要的工具。

09.合成生物学用于基础生化发现
合成生物学家已经开发出复杂的分子和遗传工具,在细胞中设计新的生物化学功能。这些工具的应用主要集中在能源和医学方面的重要问题,但它们也可用于解决传统方法无法轻易获得的基础科学主题。我们专注于最近使用合成生物学方法的工作 – 从启动子工程到细胞部件的从头合成 – 来研究广泛的生化和细胞问题。通过这些努力获得的见解包括脂肪酸组成如何介导细胞代谢,转录回路如何起作用以稳定多细胞网络,以及参与遗传调节元件选择的适应性权衡。例如,代谢工程重新调整天然代谢是研究功能关键生物分子的有力工具,通过了解确切成分和丰度。同时,合成细胞及其组分的努力使科学家们能够解决现存实验室模型所限制的进化问题。

10.合成生物学与电子学融合
专注于基因和细胞基质的合成生物学领域以及专注于将电子学与生物学接口的生物电子学领域似乎在表面上几乎没有共同之处。 但是,基于每个领域的共享和补充设计原则,这两个领域之间存在融合的可能性。这里提供了这样的例子,其中这种融合开始在细胞群、个体细胞和膜转运的工程感测和控制中发生。 我们提出,生物电子学将通过与传统电子器件的集成实现对合成生物过程的实时监测和控制。这种融合所带来的能力增强可能会扩大范围并加深合成生物学和生物电子学的影响。

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