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我在美国做基因检测(下)之个人特征报告

距离该系列的第一篇文章发布,已经匆匆几月。感谢大家一直以来的支持和私信。让小编在基因检测的科普道路上越走越来劲~ 爱你们!Without further ado, 我们来看看今天这一份基因检测中最“逗逼”的报告 – 个人特征报告吧!

什么是个人特征报告呢?
基因检测的个人特征报告是来查看你的DNA是如何决定你的个人特征的。这些个人特征可以是一个人的长相特征:比如是否有一字眉和是否有蓝色的眼睛;这些个人特征也可以是一些个人的特征行为:比如你是否看见太阳就会打喷嚏(是的,这是由你的基因决定的)等等。

基因全权决定你的个人特征吗?
不,个人特征是由生活习惯,生存环境和遗传信息共同决定的。比如,你生活的地方和生活习惯会让你对特定的食物有特定的喜好。就好比四川人喜爱吃辣,而江浙沪地区喜甜。

一些个人特征是由若干个基因突变位点所决定的,而更多的情况下个人特征是由上百个基因突变位点所共同决定的。比如,在欧美地方,有些人生来就是红色的头发。这种个人特征则是由MC1R基因上的仅仅3个突变位点所决定的。(下图来自23andMe官网)

我自己长什么样子,不用测我都知道,还犯得着去做这种基因检测吗?
这是一个很好的问题。如果你只关心自己的个人特性,并没有必要去做这种检测。然而“个人特征”的检测意义在于可以更好的认识自己后代的个人特征的可能性。比如一个天生红头发的女人和一个黑色头发的男人结婚,那么他们的孩子会是什么颜色的头发呢?是红色的还是黑色的呢?答案是有一定概率会变成红色。这取决于在基因传递的过程中,他们的孩子会不会从母亲那里获得带有突变位点的那一条DNA,还取决于这种红色头发的突变是否是显性。(下图来自23andMe官网)

这种个人特征的报告准确率能达到100%吗?
这种报告的准确率并不能达到100%。 因为决定一个人某种特征的突变位点很多,而且特定突变是如何决定表型的生物学机理在科学界大多情况还仍在研究中。23andMe目前利用其它客户的DNA和提供的数据去和你的DNA进行比对,从而预测你的个人特征并生成报告。所以,如果你看到报告中有不准确的一项也不要惊讶。

23andMe个人特征报告的19项检测内容:
食用芦笋后尿液是否有特殊气味;苦味品尝敏感度;酒窝;酒窝颚;耳垂形状;耳屎的类型;眼睛的颜色;手纸长度的比率;有无雀斑;头发发质;头发颜色深浅;胎毛;见太阳打喷嚏与否;红头发;皮肤颜色深浅;喜欢吃甜还是吃咸;脚趾长度比率;一字眉;美人尖。
由于篇幅有限,小编只挑4个例子来说。如果大家对其他的感兴趣,请在这篇文章下方留言提问,小编会逐一解答。

1. 食用芦笋后尿液是否有特殊气味。是的,你没有看错。这是一项奇葩的检测。就是下图这种芦笋,相信大家有很多人都喜欢吃。然而有些人吃完后会在后续的排尿过程中闻到“奇怪”的味道。这并不是你的身体出问题了。而是尿液中的芦笋气味来自芦笋分解时身体产生的分子。 称为“甲硫醇”的分子之一含有硫,并具有像煮熟的卷心菜的气味。 23andMe公司采用检测OR2M7基因中的rs4481887突变位点,结合其他客户的报告来预测你是否会在吃完芦笋后尿液产生特殊气味。

2. 对苦味的敏感度。23andMe研究了DNA中的一个遗传标记,它影响了你能够检测到一种叫做“PTC”的特定苦味化学物的机会。 一些蔬菜,如生西兰花和布鲁塞尔豆芽,含有类似于PTC的苦味化学物质。 这种标记的变体组合通常在能够检测这些苦味化学物质的人身上发现。这里插播一个有意思的例子:大家有没有想过,大熊猫和其他肉食动物在遗传上这么相近,为何却对竹子情有独钟。因为,大熊猫不能检测出鲜味(肉味类肉味),因为它们的鲜味味觉受体不能正常工作。 这意味着他们不能品尝肉类,也不会表现出对肉类的偏好。

3. 你有酒窝吗?酒窝这一特征是由很多个染色体上的突变位点决定的。23andMe只是根据我有无这些位点而进行了可能性的预测。具体位点如何分布在23对染色体上如下图,圆圈越大你有酒窝的可能性越大。小编并没有多少圆圈,所以从预测结果来看小编是很有可能没有酒窝的。而实际上,小编确实也没有酒窝。

4. 耳屎的种类。你可能要问:耳屎不都是干蜡状的吗?No~No~No~歪果仁有的耳屎是湿的你信吗?耳屎有干湿两类。81%的23andMe客户属于干类,仅有19%属于湿类。湿的耳垢是深色和粘稠的,而干燥的耳垢是浅色和片状的。 (小编话外音:文章到这里好像开始重口味了一些。。。)这两种类型同样擅长保持污垢和细菌,但两者之间的差异取决于ABCC11基因中的单个突变位点。 ABCC11基因包含专门用于将脂肪移入和移出细胞的蛋白质的调控作用。 在ABCC11基因中有1或2个C突变位点的人在他们的耳垢中含有更多脂肪,使其变得深色和粘稠。 有两个T型变体的人耳垢中的脂肪含量较少,使其干燥,浅色和片状。
相同的ABCC11基因参与汗液产生和体臭。 在一个人的汗水中含有更多的脂肪分子会导致更多的体味。 因此,确定干耳垢类型的ABCC11基因中的相同遗传突变也与较低的体臭水平相关联。

在东亚裔80-95%的人群中发现干耳垢,但在欧洲或非洲人后裔中不到3%。 这种耳垢类型的独特地理分布提供了有关早期人类迁徙模式的线索。 造成干耳垢的变体可能出现在从非洲迁徙到亚洲的群体中。 迁移到欧洲的团队保留了非洲祖先的湿耳垢。这是不是也说明了外国人较中国人更容易有体臭的原因?
(下图来自23andMe官网)

今天这篇文章是“我在美国做基因检测”系列的最后一篇,但绝对不是GeneRanger平台的最后一篇。小编保证后续的文章绝对会更加精彩和高质量!



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