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我在美国做基因检测（下）之祖源分析

发布: 2018-03-06 967阅读 209评论

在经历了漫长的等待，在辞旧岁迎新春之际，23andMe终于把小编的基因检测报告发送过来了！激动！

虽然时隔8周，但小编并不怪23andMe慢。因为这中间他们经历了一次小编的DNA提取失败，需要进行二次重提，这才耽搁到现在。不过俗话说，好饭不怕晚！

小编用激动到颤抖的双手打开了自己的81份检测报告。

首先，映入眼帘的是Ancestry reports, 祖源分析报告，一共5份。包含祖先组成(Ancestry Composition), 母系单倍群(Maternal Haplogroup), 尼安德特人祖先(Neanderthal Ancestry), 父系单倍群(Paternal Haplogroup)和你的DNA家庭。

祖先组成报告用你的基因组讲述了你祖先的独特故事：你的祖先居住的地方，他们对家族树的贡献，以及他们的DNA如何通过父母传递给你。

什么？！我不是100%中国人！我只有71%的中国血统？！还有13.4%的蒙古血统，11%的韩国血统和0.3%的欧洲血统？！

报告显示我的上三代或四代有一位100%的蒙古人和一位100%的韩国人，他们出生在1840-1900年之间。虽然小编并不知道自己的祖辈是否有蒙古人和韩国人，但是小编的家乡在中国东北地区，正是靠近蒙古和韩国的地域，这种血统的加入也并不是无迹可寻。忽然觉得自己是个“混血”，有木有一点小激动？

母系单倍群报告

该报告检测你线粒体DNA(mtDNA)。因为mtDNA具有不寻常的遗传方式，每一代，母亲都将基本相同的mtDNA拷贝传递给他们的孩子。 男性和女性都从母亲身上继承线粒体DNA，但只有女性能够传递它给下一代。所以这使得研究人员能够借此追溯母系单倍群的历史。

遗传学家可以通过构建一棵树来比较来自世界各地的线粒体DNA序列突变的不同模式，该树显示了所有的母系谱系如何相互关联。 每个母系单倍群描述了这棵树上的单个分支或者密切相关的分支组。由于密切相关的单倍群倾向于共享地理根源，因此研究人员可以使用世界各地单倍群的现代分布来试图确定每个单倍群的起源，以及成员如何以及何时达到其当前位置。

比如西安兵马俑，估计有70万工人参与了陵墓建设。2003年在陵墓附近出土了数百个骨骼遗骸。 对这些男性的种族渊源感到好奇，一群中国科学家决定检查他们的母系单倍群。 他们发现其中一些工人属于单倍群D5，而且这些工人来自东亚各地。小编的母系单倍群是D5a2a， 属于D5分支。通过溯源计算，可以看到小编的遥远的祖先从非洲是怎样迁徙都东亚来的。是不是有一种穿越的感觉？是不是很酷？

接下来是尼安德特人祖先报告。这份报告告诉你, 你的祖先有多少可以追溯到尼安德特人。小编有256个SNP来自尼安德特人，比78%的23andMe的客户检测结果要少。那么什么是尼安德特人呢？为什么他这么重要？大约6万年前，现代人开始探索非洲以外的地区，与尼安德特人的邻居相遇并相互交配。 在以色列和其他地方的马诺洞穴发现的骨骼残留物表明，这两个群体可能在中东或欧洲进行杂交。 他们的后代散布在欧洲，亚洲，澳大利亚和最终美洲。所以检测尼安德特人的祖先成分，也是溯源的一个重要依据。

日本国立科学博物馆内近似重建的尼安德特人

父系单倍群报告

和母系单倍群溯源相类似，父系单倍群报告通过检测Y染色体来追溯到275000年前的东非。可惜小编是个妹纸，没有Y染色体，所以这部分报告就不存在。

祖源分析的最后一份报告是你的DNA家庭。也是小编最爱的一份报告。这份报告可谓是一份暖心人文报告。通过比对所有23andMe客户的基因，可以帮你找到与你DNA相关的“远方亲戚”。在美国，在23andMe公司的客户里面，就有497位和小编DNA相似的人。近亲没有，但是有40个三代四代的表亲。

他们大多数生活在加州、德州、华盛顿和纽约等等。这些地方都是中国人移居比较多美国地域，想想也并没有什么奇怪。但是远离祖国，身处异乡的小编看着这份地图和报告心里忽然暖暖的。

而对比与其他用户，我的这些亲戚们还有这些异于常人之处。比如更倾向于有汗手心汗脚心，能侧劈叉，喝了咖啡以后激动不能自已，大多数喜欢制定新年计划。忽然觉得和小编自己好像！亲人果然是亲人！哈哈哈！

好了，由于篇幅的关系，小编今天只汇报一下基因检测报告中的祖源分析部分。还有4个大部分的报告，比如：
Genetic Health Risk reports, 基于基因测序的健康风险率报告（5份+）
Wellness reports, 健康报告（5份+）
Traits reports, 个人特征报告（15份+）
Carrier Status reports, 突变携带者报告（40份+）

小编都会在后续的文章中用自己的实例，一份不差的全部总结并详解。让大家能够对基因检测报告有一个全面并且深刻的认识！

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