如果你想被听到, 被看见, 被别人知道，你需要在你遇到的人心中留下持久的印象。“Making an impact”总是很重要的。只不过科研领域与其他领域有所不同。在科研领域，研究成果说了算，我们的文章能够为我们增加影响力。但是，我们如何能够知道我们的研究是否影响了别人？有没有一种方法能够定量或者评价我们文章的质量呢？答案是yes，也是no。
答案是yes, 因为我们确实有一个叫做影响因子（impact factor）的数值。影响因子已经被广泛用来评价一本公开发表的杂志内所有的文章的影响力，并且影响因子也已成为用来进行学术评价的一个指标。
然而，答案也是no。 影响因子是用来评价一本杂志的影响力的，而不是用来评价一篇文章的影响力的。影响因子创立之初是为了帮助图书管理员管理图书馆内的杂志，而不是为了评价一个作者或者一篇文章的价值。影响因子是杂志水平的，而非单篇文章水平。但是，不幸的是，影响因子正日渐被用来评价单篇文章的质量。所以，影响因子的概念并不像它看起来那么简单。
影响因子是什么？
影响因子的概念最先由Eugene Garfield在1955年提出。影响因子是一本杂志过去两年内发表的所有文章在本年内平均引用次数。
影响因子的计算公式如下：
IF2015= X/Y
IF2015是杂志在2015年的影响因子
X 是该杂志在2013和2014两年发表的所有文章在2015年内被引用的次数
Y 是该杂志在2013和2014两年内发表所有文章的数量
一本杂志的影响因子通常可以在其官网主页上找到。
影响因子的好处和弊端：
好处：
- 影响因子唯一的优势就是能够用来比较同一领域内的杂志好坏。可以作为衡量一个杂志重要性及声誉的评价指标。
弊端：
- 影响因子反应的并非是单篇文章或单个作者的引用率或者影响力，因为每篇文章是基于整本杂志的统计数据而非自己的统计数据被评价的。
- 计算影响因子时，自引（self-cited）同样计算在内
- 综述类文章（review articles）通常具有较高的引用率。一本发表更多的综述类文章的杂志会有更高的影响因子
- 影响因子通常由研究领域的大小决定。一个较小的研究领域内的杂志通常影响因子较低。到这里，我们应该很清楚看到影响因子的弊端是多余好处的。但是尽管有这些不足之处，影响因子仍然被用来作为学术评价的指标。这可能是因为影响因子的使用由来已久，也因为尚不存在其他更准确的学术评价的工具。现在越来越多的人开始意识到影响因子的缺点，一些科学家已经达成共识，评价一篇文章的优劣应该基于其价值而不是影响因子。
科研评估旧金山宣言(San FranciscoDeclaration on Research Assessment (DORA))
越来越多的科研工作者认识到影响因子的不足之处。包括美国科学促进会（AAAS）在内的75家机构和150多位知名科学家在2012年12月举行的美国细胞生物学学会会议上支持签署了《科研评估旧金山宣言（San Francisco declaration on research Assessment，DORA）》，宣言认为科学界应该停止使用影响因子评价科学家个人的工作；影响因子不能作为替代物用于评估科学家的贡献，以及招聘、晋升和项目资助等的评审。截至到2015年12月13日已有12616位研究者，592家科研机构签署了DORA。 详情可见网址http://www.ascb.org/dora/。
那么，现在有两个问题需要解答。一个就是用什么方式评价科研工作者的成就？另一个就是科研工作者应该如何选择杂志发表自己的成果？
其实衡量一个科研工作者成果应该集中到其发表文章的内容，研究水平以及研究结果的重要性上面。看到这里，读者可以参考本平台以前推送的另一篇文章，H指数:当代科学工作者学术水平的综合评价指标。另一方面，科研工作者在选择杂志时可以考虑除了影响因子外的很多因素，比如杂志发文范围，发文的质量，可发表时间，目标读者，杂志开源的还是订阅的，发表文章花费等等。
最后，作者想说的是，大家最好不要通过影响因子来评价一篇文章的好坏, 道理就像不能通过封面来评价一本书的好坏是一样的.
References:
Garfield E. Citation indexes to science: a new dimension in documentation through association of ideas. Science 1955;122:108-11. Available: http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v6p468y1983.pdf
Misteli, T. Eliminating the impact of the impact factor. Journal of Cell Biology, 2013, 201: 652.
说明：本文英文原作者Rashmi Tandon ，由本人进行翻译编辑
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