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技能篇 | IHC之路漫漫(上篇)

路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索。
一入科研深似海,从此自由是路人。

在实验室待的越久,越感觉自己知道的少,实验顺利还好,如若遇到不能出现预期结果,都不知道哪里出了错。做免疫组化实验室时,更是迷惘。。。

免疫组化IHC实验应用广泛,是当前免疫研究常用的实验方法之一,尤其是在发表SCI文章时,一张完美的IHC图片顿时让论文上升一个Level。

义翘IHCCT026-R301-CD3-癌旁扁桃体-4X

曾有人说过一个IHC实验可有480万种分析解决方法,那接下来我们就一起来扒一扒哪些在IHC实验过程中的不同阶段遇到那些坑。

IHC实验步骤

1. 免疫组化实验结果如何分析?

义翘CT026-R301-CD3-结肠芯片IHC结果图

(1)阳性着色细胞计数法:在40倍光镜下,随机选择不重叠的10个视野,人工或机器计数阳性着色细胞,每组3-6张不同的动物组织切片,然后进行组间比较;
(2)定量分析法:在免疫组化实验中,阳性着色的深浅和面积的大小与蛋白质含量相关,因此可以根据图像的光密度和灰度进行定量分析。常用的有光密度法和灰度法。两者都需要利用不同的分析软件对阳性结果进行分析。
(3)评分法:不同的靶点评分标准会有差异,但大多数会按照如下方法进行分级:在光学显微镜下对组织切片分别按染色程度(0~3分分别为阴性着色、淡黄色、浅褐色、深褐色)、阳性范围(1~4分为0~25%、26~50%、51~75%、76~100%)进行评分,最终可以分数相加或相乘,再进行比较。
对于以上几种方法,各有利弊,需要根据实验目的进行选择。当然进行分析的前提是要获得着色均匀、背景较浅的高质量切片。

2. 是否需要使用Triton X-100?

Triton X-100结构图

Triton X-100是一种去污剂,可作为细胞通透剂,在膜上打孔。
作用原理:溶解细胞膜、细胞核膜、细胞器膜上的脂质而使抗体及大分子物质进入胞浆和胞核内。在做厚切片免疫组化时会使用,可使抗体顺利进入胞内与相应抗原结合。

3. 内源性过氧化物酶的灭活时间和浓度选择
(1)一般3% H2O2灭活时间短,10min左右;而0.3% H2O2可适当延长封闭时间, 10~30min;
(2)用甲醇配置的H2O2比双蒸水或PBS配置的在保护抗原和固定组织作用上更好一些,此外H2O2孵育时间过长易引起脱片;
(3)现用现配,配好后4℃避光保存。

4. 如何才能充分脱蜡?
(1)脱蜡不干净
切片上有残留,会产生染色不均匀、阳性物时隐时现、真假难辨、背景染色增加等后果。
目前用于脱蜡的试剂效果最好的是二甲苯,脱蜡力强,且时间短,但由于其有一定危害性,近年来无毒环保脱腊液的使用也越来越多。
(2)脱蜡的时间要根据季节、室温和试剂的新鲜程度作出调整
夏季,室温较高, 3-5分钟;冬季,室温较低,10-20分钟或更长。
若脱蜡剂陈旧则需要适当延长脱蜡时间。
(3)切片带有温度进行脱蜡,可加速脱蜡过程
如果预先切烤好的切片,在染色前对切片进行加温10-20分钟,再行脱蜡,这样脱蜡速度加快,效果更好。

5. PBS的清洗方式、次数和时间的选择?
(1)单独冲洗,防止交叉反应造成污染
(2)温柔冲洗,防止切片脱落
(3)有足够冲洗时间,才能彻底洗去结合物
(4)PBS的PH和离子强度有严格要求:中性及弱碱性条件(PH 7-8)有利于免疫复合物的形成,而酸性条件则易于分解;低离子强度有利于免疫复合物的形成,高离子强度则易分解。
免疫组化目前常用PBS PH在7.2-7.4,浓度0.01M。

6. 一般在什么情况下进行组织抗原修复?
由于组织中部分抗原在甲醛或多聚甲醛固定过程中,发生了蛋白之间交联及醛基的封闭作用,从而失去抗原性。通过抗原修复,使得细胞内抗原决定簇重新暴露,提高抗原检测率。
修复方法从强到弱分为三种:高压修复、微波修复、胰酶修复。

未完待续。。。



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