2020年,空间全转录组测序技术被Nature Methods评为年度技术方法;2021年,华大Stereomics®技术研究内容在BioRxiv上进行了预印刊载;2022年5月5日,时空组学联盟(STOC)在深圳宣布成立,首期成果为实现了全球首批生命全景地图绘制。
华大自主研发的Stereomics®是一项实现超高通量、超高精度的全景式时空转录组技术,通过时空芯片(Stereo Chip)捕获组织中的mRNA,并通过空间条形码(Coordinate ID, CID)还原回空间位置,实现组织空间检测,为深入地了解细胞的基因表达及形态与局部环境之间的关系建立基础。
相比国际上同类技术,华大的时空组学技术是全世界唯一一项能同时实现“亚细胞级分辨率”和“厘米级全景视场”的技术,并可以实现基因与影像同时分析,在RNA测序以及空间分辨的表观基因组学(如染色质可及性分析和DNA甲基化检测)和基因组测序等方面具有潜在的应用前景和价值;相较于传统的生物信息学的组学研究显然更具有应用于相关研究的前景和价值。
这一技术显然在生物化学与分子生物学相关的研究方向有着十分可观的应用前景——在未来或许是必需的。
一、 时空组学技术
(一)空间转录组(Spatial Transcriptomics)
1.概述
空间转录组是测量完整组织切片的总mRNA,将总mRNA的空间信息与形态学内容相结合,并绘制所有基因表达发生的位置,获得生物过程复杂而完整的基因表达图谱。
相较于单细胞测序技术,空间转录组让丢失的空间信息得以记录,更好地记录了细胞的转录异质性和空间坐标;对于细胞生命活动的调控机制和细胞谱系发生过程的研究具有重要意义。
当然,空间组学技术目前依旧处于发展当中,但其解决组织分子结构的问题的潜力是巨大且不容忽视的。空间组学中对于某些细胞亦或者组织的高分辨率以及较高的灵敏度使其已逐渐成为某些涉及到相关研究的主流方法。
2.空间转录组的方法和技术
(1)空间重构的计算策略
空间重构的计算方法可以充分地利用内在基因表达模式或共表达的趋势,从单个细胞的大量转录组的数据中重现细胞和环境的总体布局。
(2)基于激光捕获显微切割技术(LSM)结合高通量
基于LSM的转录组学和基因组学成功地获得了单个细胞的空间转录组,可以将少量细胞的数据粗略地整合入组织或器官的背景当中;但其通量很低。
(3)基于图像的原位转录组学
基于图像的转录组学增加了可检测区域,但问题在于很难从复杂背景(信号干扰、转录本积累等)当中提取有效的单个细胞。
(4)基于寡核苷酸的空间条形码和高通量结合
空间条形码与高通量结合的技术无法获得单个细胞中的转录组,并且价格昂贵,相较于前三者显然性价比不高。
(二)时空组学技术(Stereo-seq)
Stereo-seq是一种空间分辨的转录组技术。它基于标准的DNB测序方法,可以迅速提高样本通量,并在短时间内系统地分析数百个来自同一组织的连续切片。
Stereo-seq相较于其他技术,拥有亚细胞级的分辨率、厘米级的视野、高灵敏度、最小的bin空间和高bin-to-bin的重现性,有着可观的应用前景;时空组学技术对突出的空间异质性的描述更为灵敏和直观。
Stereo-seq让人类首次以百纳米级别的分辨率实现了生命时空图谱的绘制,首次绘制了四种模式生物的时空图谱(小鼠、果蝇、斑马鱼和拟南芥),为分子生物的研究提供了全新工具和方向。
“得益于时空组学技术的超大视野,科研工作者们可以以非常高的分辨率和测序深度对小鼠胚胎进行组织的分析和研究,通过研究公开的数据,人们可以很清晰对哺乳动物的发育和组织形成的问题进行更深入的了解和研究。”英国剑桥临床医学院的Patrick Maxwell如此表示。
二、时空组学技术的应用前景
(一)获取研究相关的转录组的信息与数据
通过最近五至六年的有关空间转录组的研究,空间转录组技术已经产生高度多重化和多模态的数据,并且相关的软件程序生态的紧随其后的发展,使得很多的数据被积累和收集。
而这些所积累的有效研究和发布数据可以为分子生物学中相关方向的研究提供基本的数据支撑。
譬如SpatialDB(一个手动管理的空间转录组资源,供研究人员有效研究和重复使用已发布的数据)的当前版本已经包括5个物种(人类、小鼠、果蝇、秀丽隐杆线虫和斑马鱼)的24个空间转录组数据集;可以为研究材料为以上五种物种或其生物组织的生态毒理学研究提供有意义的参考数据。SpatialDB (spatialomics.org)
再比如Single Cell Portal (一个不断发展的综合性单细胞数据库)数据库收集并整合了来自400项不同的研究(包括空间转录组的研究和数据集)的一千万多个细胞。Single Cell Portal (broadinstitute.org)
这些信息可以使分子生物学相关的研究人员可以系统地对于基因的表达以及其空间信息进行研究,进而在此基础之上研究组织细胞间或者外源化合物与细胞的互作。
(二)更好地阐明外源化学物与生物活性分子的时空特性
时空组学技术为系统分析特定位置的细胞状态、推断细胞间通讯以及确定生物体中重要的表型和功能提供了机会。也正因为这样,时空组学技术有着为生物细胞中的生物活性分子间的相互作用的关系进行描述的潜力,具有应用的前景与价值。
基于时空组学技术的高分辨率和高灵敏度,对于细胞和组织的异质性可以很好地进行描述;可以通过转基因(如某些荧光蛋白基因)的构成性或诱导性表达,纵向研究荧光细胞及其后代与化学物质相互作用的时空命运。
而某些异常细胞或组织的异质性在生理异常显然更为突出和典型,因而其显著的异质性自然可以被鲜明地观察到,在对于各种疾病而导致的其结构和功能的改变的研究中具有应用的前景和价值。
参考文献:
[1]Asp M, Bergenstråhle J, Lundeberg J. Spatially Resolved Transcriptomes—Next Generation Tools for Tissue Exploration[J]. BioEssays, 2020.
[2]Liao J, Lu X, Shao X, et al. Uncovering an Organ’s Molecular Architecture at Single-Cell Resolution by Spatially Resolved Transcriptomics[J]. Trends in Biotechnology, 2020.
[3]Chen, A. et al. Large field of view-spatially resolved transcriptomics at nanoscale resolution[J]. bioRxiv, 2021.
[4]Lewis, S.M., Asselin-Labat, ML., Nguyen, Q. et al. Spatial omics and multiplexed imaging to explore cancer biology. Nat Methods, 2021.
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