正如世界上没有完全相同的两片树叶,世界上也没有两个相同的细胞,单个细胞都是独一无二的,它们在大小、蛋白质水平和所表达的RNA转录子方面都可能相差甚远。单细胞分析(Single Cell Analysis ,SCA)即是对单个细胞进行研究,研究单个细胞不仅可以很好的认识到细胞异质性,而且可以更好的对疾病进行解读。
单细胞分析技术飞速发展,这都多亏了分析工具的快速发展,如细胞分离、微流体、单细胞测序等。目前,单细胞分析的应用已涉及多个的领域,包括基础研究型应用,如癌症、免疫学、神经病学、干细胞等;临床应用,如无创产前诊断、体外受精、循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)等。
单细胞基因组旨在通过组学方法研究单个细胞。近年来随着技术的发展,这一年轻的领域正在迅速成熟起来。单细胞基因组研究的前身可以追溯到用芯片检测单细胞的基因表达。不过,新一代DNA测序才是单细胞基因组学的大功臣,这些技术的出现让单细胞基因组研究最终一飞冲天。如今,单细胞RNA-seq已经成为了成熟的日常操作,其他形式的单细胞分析开始百花齐放,包括单细胞分离和捕获以及单细胞的DNA、蛋白质、染色质修饰等等。下面我们一起来看看这些与单细胞分析相关的新技术:
1. 单细胞分离和捕获
单细胞分析的第一步是细胞捕获和分离,单细胞的获取,最初是通过梯度稀释的方法,既繁琐也容易污染;随后通过显微操作方法,用类似注射器的装置分离单细胞,或激光捕获显微切割技术(LCM),然而可操作性并不强;再往后,流式细胞仪的分拣成为最常用的单细胞分离方法,但对环境要求过高;近年来微流控技术的发明,逐步成为研究者们的选择,不仅减少了昂贵试剂的使用量,节约了成本,还提高了操作效率和灵敏度。
2.单细胞DNA测序
单细胞全基因组DNA测序是一项富有挑战性的工作,由于在单细胞中的DNA和RNA的数量非常小(一个典型的人类细胞仅含有约6.6pg DNA、10pg总RNA。)用传统的测序仪无法检测,所以科学家们必须首先对这些分子进行扩增,同时尽量的减少错误。
单细胞测序技术(Single-CellSequencing)是在单细胞水平对基因组进行扩增与测序的技术。目前的全基因组扩增技术主要有三种:简并寡核苷酸引物PCR扩增(DOP-PCR),多重置换扩增(MDA);和基于多次退火和成环的扩增循环(MALBAC)。市场上有很多种扩增试剂盒,去年华大基因的研究人员在《GigaScience》发表了文章,利用7种试剂盒开展单细胞全基因组扩增,系统地比较了不同WGA方法的优点和缺点,尤其关注变异检测。结论是: 对于那些需要低重复率和高基因组覆盖度的研究,如疾病研究中的SNV检测, MDA和MALBAC策略比较合适。
此外,如果同时开展SNV和CNV检测,他们建议使用MDA-2和/或MALBAC,因为它们在变异检测上的效率和准确性更高。不过,若有大量细胞需要扩增,成本是必须考虑的因素。MDA和DOP-PCR是最常用的全基因组扩增方法,成本相对较低。相比之下,MALBAC的成本要更高一些,且相对来说操作更为复杂。在单细胞研究的大潮中,新的测序方法层出不穷。不过,很少有人对这些方法进行系统的比对。The Scientist杂志联系了单细胞研究领域的一些专家,请他们分享了在单细胞中进行转录研究的秘诀,比较了一些常用的单细胞测序技术,包括Smart-seq、CEL-seq、SCRB-seq和Drop-seq。
霍华德休斯医学研究所的科学家们对人类大脑皮层神经元进行了单细胞测序,并根据发育过程中累积的体细胞突变重建了神经元谱系。他们的研究显示,正常成年人的单个大脑神经元具有一千多个点突变,而且不同神经元的突变形式并不相同。大多数突变发生在大脑发育完成之后,是基因积极活动时产生的。
3.单细胞数据分析
单细胞基因组技术正在迅猛发展,单细胞计算分析也在奋起直追。统计和计算方法是单细胞基因组研究的核心,只有正确的方法才能帮助我们从数据中提取有意义的生物学信息。前不久,德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心的研究人员开发了首个用于单细胞DNA测序的突变检出程序——Monovar。这一重要研究成果于发表在Nature Methods杂志上。研究人员认为Monovar是单细胞测序评估SNV的一大进步,能够为人们提供多种疾病的关键信息。精确检测SNV对于癌症诊疗、个性化医疗和产前诊断非常重要,而Monovar在这些方面有着广阔的应用前景。
4.单细胞蛋白质分析
谈到单细胞蛋白质分析,我们不能不提质谱流式细胞技术(mass cytometry)。这种技术是流式细胞技术与质谱分析技术相结合产生的结晶,利用质谱原理对单细胞进行多参数的检测。它继承了传统流式细胞仪的高速分析的特点,又具有质谱检测的高分辨能力,是流式细胞技术一个新的发展方向。质谱流式细胞技术能在单细胞水平上同时分析超过40种细胞参数,极大的增强了流式细胞分析评估复杂细胞系统和过程的能力。Cell杂志发表的“Mass Cytometry: Single Cells, Many Features”综述,全面介绍了质谱流式细胞技术的现状,相关仪器,主要应用范围,数据分析方法,以及未来的发展前景。
5.单细胞表观遗传学分析
在前面《表观遗传学的神奇世界》一文中我们已经给大家介绍过:表观遗传学是指基于非基因序列改变所致基因表达水平变化,如DNA甲基化和染色质构象变化等。比较通俗的讲表观遗传学是研究在没有细胞核DNA序列改变的情况时,基因功能的可逆的、可遗传的改变。表观遗传学修饰可以在不改变DNA序列的情况下调控基因的活性,对于人类发育、人类疾病和环境影响有深远的意义。DNA甲基化是最常见的一种表观遗传学修饰,广泛参与了细胞对基因表达的控制,在细胞生长、细胞分化、细胞增殖和疾病状态中起到了关键性的作用。2014年7月,Nature Methods杂志发布了单细胞重亚硫酸盐测序(scBS-seq)技术。该技术可以对单个细胞的所有DNA甲基化进行全基因组分析,帮助人们进一步理解胚胎的发育机制,更好的进行癌症和不孕不育的治疗。
通过单细胞分析来检测表观遗传学(epigenetics)状态是单细胞研究的一大趋势。DNase I超敏感位点(DHS)是对DNaseⅠ高度敏感的活性染色质区域。哺乳动物细胞的DHS定位,能够提供转录调控元件和染色质状态的重要信息,一直是科学家们的研究热点。DNase测序(DNase-seq)是进行全基因组DHS分析的常用方法,不过DNase-seq需要数百万细胞,大大限制了该技术的应用范围。美国NIH的赵可吉博士开发了在单细胞中检测全基因组DHS的超灵敏策略,并将其命名为单细胞DNase测序(scDNase-seq)。
总结:单细胞分析技术飞速发展,但目前来看,还处在初级阶段,我们相信:在单个细胞层面我们将以前所未有的水平理解基因组学,表观基因组学和转录组学的多样性,推动基础研究和临床研究的快速发展。
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