一、 糖基化修饰
蛋白质的糖基化是一种最常见的蛋白翻译后修饰，是在糖基转移酶作用下将糖类转移至蛋白质和蛋白质上特殊的氨基酸残基形成糖苷键的过程。研究表明70%人类蛋白包含一个或多个糖链1%的人类基因组参与了糖链的合成和修饰。
二、糖基化修饰功能
在参与糖基化形成的过程中,糖基转移酶和糖苷酶扮演了重要的角色。糖基化的结果使不同的蛋白质打上不同的标记,改变多肽的构象,增加蛋白质的稳定性。
三、糖基化修饰加工过程
糖基化修饰主要发生在内质网和高尔基体。主要过程是将糖基在糖基转移酶作用下将糖链转移至蛋白质，和蛋白质上的氨基酸残基形成糖苷键，经过一系列转运、糖链末端的剪切，修饰和岩藻糖化或者唾液酸化等完成糖基化蛋白质的组装
四、糖基化修饰分类
哺乳动物中蛋白质的糖基化类型主要可分为两种：N-糖基化和O-糖基化。大多数糖蛋白质只含有一种糖基化类型。但是有些蛋白多肽同时连有N-糖链和O-糖链。
1. N-糖基化
N-糖链通过与蛋白质的天冬氨酸的自由NH2基共价连接,将这种糖基化称为N-糖基化。N-连接的糖链合成起始于内质网(ER),完成于高尔基体。
N-糖基化生成加工过程
N-糖链合成的第一步是将一个14糖的核心寡聚糖添加到新形成多肽链的特征序列为Asn-X-Ser/Thr(X代表任何一种氨基酸)的天冬酰胺上,天冬酰胺作为糖链受体。核心寡聚糖是由两分子N-乙酰葡萄糖胺、九分子甘露糖和三分子葡萄糖依次组成,第一位N-乙酰葡萄糖胺与ER双脂层膜上的磷酸多萜醇的磷酸基结合,当ER膜上有新多肽合成时,整个糖链一起转移。寡聚糖转移到新生肽以后,在ER中进一步加工,依次切除三分子葡萄糖和一分子甘露糖。在ER形成的糖蛋白具有相似的糖链,由Cis面进入高尔基体后,在各膜囊之间的转运过程中,原来糖链上的大部分甘露糖被切除,但又由多种糖基转移酶依次加上了不同类型的糖分子,形成了结构各异的寡糖链。血浆等体液中蛋白质多发生N-糖基化,因此N-糖蛋白又称为血浆型糖蛋白。
2. O-糖基化
O-糖链与蛋白质的丝氨酸或苏氨酸的自由OH基共价连接。O-糖基化位点没有保守序列,糖链也没有固定的核心结构,组成既可是一个单糖,也可以是巨大的磺酸化多糖,因此与N-糖基化相比,O-糖基化分析会更加复杂。
O-糖基化生成加工过程
O-糖基化在高尔基体中进行,通常第一个连接上去的糖单元是N-乙酰半乳糖,连接的部位为Ser、Thr或Hyp的羟基,然后逐次将糖残基转移上去形成寡糖链,糖的供体同样为核苷糖,如UDP-半乳糖。O-糖蛋白主要存在于黏液和免疫球蛋白等。
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