生物医学实验中常常会用到细胞系,因为它们可以快速生长和扩增提供实验分析要用到的细胞。细胞系与新分离的或原代细胞的培养条件相类似,但也有一些基本不同的地方:(1)每个细胞系需要其特定的生长因子混合物(2)与原代细胞相比,它们的生长需要更严密的监测,因为使它们无限生长的突变同时也会造成它们很快达到过度生长。因此,当细胞系生长到了几乎覆盖整个培养器皿底部,也就是90%的密度时,细胞需要重悬洗涤用于实验或冻存以备将来使用,或者重新接种到新的培养器皿进一步扩增。
本短片将演示如何使用培养液指示剂来判断细胞培养的健康程度,安全转移贴壁细胞所需要的试剂和仪器,并将讨论转移这些快速增殖的细胞到新培养液中的不同方法。还将同时演示如何培养饲养细胞(这对提供细胞必需的生长于因子很重要)和如何大规模培养细胞系的方法。
细胞传代或续代培养是将细胞从现有的培养物分开或分出来开始新的培养,并加入新鲜培养液来促进扩增的常用手段。尽管它的概念本身相对简单,本短片中我们将讨论能成功保存和扩增细胞系的一些更重要的步骤。
细胞传代的基本原则
代谢的有毒物质随时间在细胞培养液中累积。当扩增细胞时,尤为重要的是经常更换培养液以维持细胞健康和监测细胞扩增情况以避免细胞生长过度。
传代的细胞通常分为两个主要类型:永生化细胞系和干细胞系。
永生化细胞系是那些来自多细胞生物的细胞通过一些突变修饰改变了细胞周期调控从而可以无限繁殖的细胞。最著名的永生化细胞系也许是HeLa细胞系了,它是1951年取自于Henrietta Lacks女士取样活检的宫颈癌病变组织。
与肿瘤永生化的细胞系相反,干细胞系通常从成人和胚胎组织的可自我更新的多能细胞中分离得到。这些细胞, 如您在这里看到的人类胚胎干细胞 , 在适当的条件下也能无限传代培养。
细胞在优化条件下可以悬浮培养,如从血液中分离到的永生化细胞, 或者贴壁培养,如许多从组织中分离的细胞系。
贴壁细胞的生长必须仔细监测以确保细胞保持健康。根据细胞类型,很多贴壁细胞在其达到70-90%密度,也就是覆盖了培养容器表面的70-90%时需要传代。
要谨记这些细胞系虽然保留了原细胞源的很多特征,但是每次传代也会使它们开始产生一些扩增细胞的特有特性。因此,对任何一个特定细胞系,要考虑限制传代的次数。
细胞传代常用的仪器和试剂
传代细胞时,使用无菌技术和合适的试剂及设备尤为重要。
针对您的细胞系选择合适的培养液来得到最佳的生长和扩增很关键。每一个细胞系都有特定的生长营养组分配方,但是大多数细胞系起码需要的添加物有以下这些:血清,如胎牛血清,需热处理灭活其胎牛成分,它为细胞生长提供重要的生长因子。抗生素,如青霉素和链霉素用于防止细胞污染,和其他的生长因子,如成纤维细胞生长因子,有助于延长细胞系的生长和扩增。不使用时,要将这些添加物或者“完全”细胞培养液保存于4摄氏度。
首先要注意细胞培养液的颜色,富含营养的新鲜培养液由于添加了pH指示剂酚红故为透明橙色。
当细胞耗尽培养液中的营养成分时,开始在培养物中积累废物和酸性物质,降低pH值。因此,许多细胞培养液含有酚红,当培养物呈酸性时会将培养液颜色由橙色变为黄色。培养液需在变黄之前更换。
当酚红变为粉红色时,说明培养基pH偏碱,不利于细胞健康生长。这时可能需要改变二氧化碳浓度并更换培养液。
很多贴壁细胞系可天然附着于无涂层的塑料上。因此,塑料细胞培养板如培养皿或六孔板经常用于传代细胞。
塑料的细胞培养瓶也经常用到,如T25的细胞培养瓶,常用于扩增培养数目少的细胞或者开始培养生长缓慢的细胞系。T75细胞培养瓶常用在培养扩增速度较快的细胞系或用于生长超过T25培养瓶容量的大量细胞。
在转移贴壁细胞时,要先剪切掉细胞上与和塑料结合的蛋白。因此,消化酶胰酶常用于消化细胞。控制胰酶消化的时间很重要,因为如果处理时间过长会损坏细胞表面的蛋白。
细胞培养液能中和胰酶。所以在胰酶消化前常用磷酸缓冲液或PBS洗涤细胞。
EDTA,一种钙螯合剂有时候也用于提高胰酶的蛋白水解功能。
为扩增细胞克隆,将新鲜传代的细胞培养于细胞培养箱中,选择适合该细胞生长条件,通常为温度37度,二氧化碳5%和湿度95%。
如何传代细胞
首先,重要的是要清楚细胞需要监测的频繁程度,这取决于该细胞的扩增速度。
现在培养液为亮橙色,再观察其它生长情况。如培养液是否浑浊-如浑浊则可能有污染, 细胞的大小和密度以及细胞的总体质量。
如果细胞密度达到90%,吸去细胞培养液,用无钙离子和镁离子的磷酸缓冲液洗涤。
然后加入胰酶,置于37摄氏度约5分钟,确认细胞脱壁后,加入新鲜细胞培养液终止胰酶的水解。
将悬浮的细胞转移到锥形管离心。细胞离心下来后,小心弃去上清,重悬细胞于新鲜培养液。计数收集到的细胞然后根据合适密度接种细胞立即进行扩增或用于将来扩增。
变化和应用
现在您知道了如何传代细胞,让我们再来看看传代的一些不同应用。
前面已经提到,人胚胎干细胞是一类必须传代的细胞。它们通常与小鼠成纤维细胞MEF共培养,后者能提供帮助干细胞保持其多能性的因子。
生长于饲养细胞上的干细胞到了合适的发育阶段时需挑出来。可用微型移液管挑出或用玻璃工具轻轻将其刮下然后接种于新的培养液中进行扩增。
有一些细胞系对酶消化敏感,或者贴壁很紧无法使用胰酶处理来重悬。细胞刮常用来轻轻将细胞从培养板的底部刮下来。如果细胞贴壁特别紧,可加入培养液或适当溶液后用血清吸管用力刮擦。使用该方法时要小心,细胞比较脆弱,容易在这种机械剥离的方法中受损。
为了更快并可重复性的大量扩增细胞到超过单层培养瓶容量的规模,可以使用多层培养瓶,它的培养量可达单层培养瓶的3-5倍。
结语
您看到的是JoVE关于细胞传代的介绍。本短片中我们了解了什么细胞系,如何传代细胞系和细胞传代的一些不同应用。感谢您的观看,记得保持您的培养液新鲜。
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