细胞在平面上生长是人为的和不自然的,因为这与细胞能够以最佳状态进行旺盛生长的体内环境并不相同。因此,传统的2D单层细胞培养物很难恰当地反映出细胞的体内生长环境,进而可能造成细胞结构和组织功能的缺失。
三维(3D)细胞培养技术能够更好地模拟生物体内细胞存活的自然环境,其自然条件可保持细胞间相互作用和更逼真的生化和生理反应。在3D环境中,细胞对内源性和外源性刺激(如温度、pH、营养吸收、转运和分化等方面的改变)应答更接近于它们在体内的反应。再生医学的力量为理解发育、老化和组织年轻化等许多有趣的细胞进程提供了方法,了解生物学中这些有趣过程的唯一方法就是研究与生物体非常相似的模型系统,这使得3D细胞培养成为必不可少的研究工具。
3D细胞培养技术使诸多科研工作者从中受益,因此在过去十年里,研究人员也不断开发出更多3D细胞培养系统,使研究人员可以在体外保持细胞的天然3D结构,改善细胞培养环境,辅助它们生长于更接近体内的环境条件中。
那么问题来了,你知道目前都有哪些3D细胞培养技术吗?一起来看一下吧!
3D细胞培养技术很多,但总结起来可以分为3类:
~3D水凝胶~
1.基本原理:
水凝胶是水膨胀性的高分子网络,被设计用来模拟复杂的细胞外微环境。水凝胶由水、ECM蛋白和生长因子组成。用于三维细胞培养的第一代水凝胶是从小鼠肉瘤细胞基底膜提取的ECM聚合物,新一代的合成、混合或基于多肽的材料则可以制备满足特定需求的培养环境,为每个细胞和应用需求提供最合适的选择
2.技术举例:
2.1 天然水凝胶
ECM凝胶:从小鼠肉瘤细胞基底膜提取的天然ECM,可以提供非常丰富的营养,与细胞的发育具有高度兼容性。ECM的主要组分是层粘连蛋白、IV型胶原、蛋白多糖硫酸乙酰肝素和巢蛋白。这种水凝胶聚合物可通过20-40°C热激活,凝胶化过程也是可逆的(蛋白质浓度:8–12mg/ml)。
MaxGel™ 胞外基质:MaxGel人细胞外基质源于体外培养的细胞基底膜,含有可预测的低水平内源生长因子,更适合需要更明确和特征再造BME的应用,最终可降低实验的可变性。MaxGel人细胞外基质(ECM)含有多种细胞外基质成分,包括胶原蛋白、层粘蛋白、纤连蛋白、腱生蛋白、弹性蛋白以及大量的蛋白聚糖及粘多糖等。用于细胞培养的ECM可以高效地重现上皮细胞与间质在皮肤发育及器官型细胞培养过程中的协同作用。MaxGel™可以促进细胞生长和迁移,已被证实可以促进多种类型细胞的增殖,包括神经干细胞、神经细胞、神经胶质细胞。
Cultrex® 3-D培养工具: 3-D Culture MatrixTM RGF BME低生长因子基底膜抽提物,经过效果验证,专为满足三维培养研究的需求而研制。为了提供最标准化的3D培养基底膜抽提物产品,采用一套特殊工艺来降低生长因子以更好的保证批间一致性,并将基质的标准浓度控制在15 mg/ml左右,随后在三维培养条件下对本品的效能进行评估验证。
在3-D Culture Matrix™ RGF BME中培养16天后,对MCF-10A细胞进行染色:A)细胞染色试剂盒(结构);B)SYBR®Green(细胞核);C)MitoShift™(线粒体膜电位); 3-D Culture Matrix™ RGF BME中培养12天后,对PC-3细胞进行染色:D)Calcein AM(细胞活力);E)CPA染料1(细胞核);F)Depsipher™(线粒体膜电位)
天然水凝胶技术优势:
-建立已久,支持文献和应用较多
-提供天然生物配体
-通常含有生长因子和细胞因子
2.2 合成水凝胶
HyStem™细胞培养支架— 首款定制合成的ECM
HyStem产品是首个可定制的合成ECM,与体内条件非常相近。使用HyStem 平台,研究人员可控制生长因子、黏附因子和ECM 蛋白的掺入、水凝胶硬度及细胞囊化等。由于HyStem 是一种合成的基质,而不是生物提取物,所以研究人员能够密切控制细胞环境的组成。HyStem 的成分包括化学合成的HyStem(巯基化透明质酸)、Extralink™(硫醇反应性交联剂)、脱气的水和生物纯化的Gelin-S™(变性胶干细胞的天然环境富含透明质酸,因此,HyStem 试剂盒是培养干细胞的最佳选择。HyStem 水凝胶支架精密模仿了天然的细胞外基质环境,含有丰富的透明质酸和胶原纤维,同时具有定制灵活性,能加入适当的生长因子、附着因子和蛋白。
Hystem可模拟天然的ECM结构
HydroMatrix™多肽水凝胶
HydroMatrix™水凝胶是一种合成多肽纳米纤维支架,通过高度交联的多肽水性凝胶中的天然三维结构来实现对合成基质的精确控制。HydroMatrix支架可以在温度或离子强度变化刺激下从液态前体自组装为高度交联的三维多肽水性凝胶。通过调整HydroMatrix溶液的浓度,研究人员可以控制3-D结构的柔韧性,并对结构进行剪裁以满足个人需求。HydroMatrix™可以促进细胞生长和迁移,已被证实可以促进多种类型细胞的增殖,包括神经干细胞、神经细胞、神经胶质细胞。
HydroMatrix多肽水凝胶可支持极佳的细胞生长环境。大鼠神经干细胞(NSCs)在3种平面上进行培养:NSCs在组织培养塑料平面生长很差(A),在多聚赖氨酸/层粘蛋白处理的平面上长势稍好(B),但在0.5% (w/v)的HydroMatrix多肽水凝胶上表现出极佳的生长状态(C)
合成水凝胶技术优势:
-明确无动物源成分和病原物
-无生长因子,无批间差异
-可通过额外添加特异的生物相关氨基酸序列实现进一步功能化
~细胞聚集~
1.基本原理:
基于细胞聚集的方法不需要额外添加细胞外基质蛋白,细胞会产生内源的细胞外基质蛋白并不断聚集形成较大的聚集体。由此形成的球体大小和组分取决于起始细胞数量、孵育时间和细胞增殖率等因素。
2.技术举例:
2.1悬滴培养板
Perfecta3D®悬滴培养平板的孔板经过特殊设计,当在小孔上方加入一滴细胞悬液时,孔板的几何构造就会引导细胞和培养基通过一个小洞,进而形成一个稳定的悬滴。滴入口位于每个培养孔的上方,可用来更换培养基,添加外源胞外基质、生长因子、小分子,也可用来加入细胞形成混合培养物。Perfecta3D®悬滴培养板每孔形成一个球体,且可控制球体大小以确保数据的稳定性。 96孔和384孔悬滴培养板与自动化液体处理设备、微孔板读数仪等兼容。
悬滴培养板技术优势:
-球体大小和数量可控制,孔间数据可重复
-可使用液体处理系统实现自动化
-使用较大球体可模拟缺氧状态
-提供细胞混合的灵活性,种植前或球体形成后即可
2.2低粘附平面
Corning极低吸附平面是一种共价偶联了水凝胶的亲水不带电平面,以尽可能的降低细胞贴附、蛋白吸收和酶活性,维持细胞以悬浮不贴壁的状态生长。
低粘附培养平面技术优势:
-可形成较大的球形体
-U型或V型底的96/384孔平板每孔可产生单个球体
2.3 3D Petri Dish
MicroTissues 3D 培养皿是不基于支架的天然3D 细胞培养环境,可最大限度模拟细胞间的相互作用和信号交流。该产品线包括多种规格的微组织培养系统,适配标准的12孔和24孔培养板,可应用于形成球状体、乳腺癌细胞球、胶质瘤细胞球、肝细胞球、软骨细胞球、骨细胞球、神经细胞球、心肌细胞球,以及细胞聚集体和拟胚体等多种细胞培养模式。
3D 培养皿制备流程图
3D 培养皿技术优势:
-单次移液操作即可获得上百个相同大小的球体
-可从单细胞克隆形成球体
-可在同一平面对一组球体进行成像
-可形成复杂形态的微组织
~培养支架~
1.基本原理:
支架可提供一种物理支撑,细胞可以进入支架生长和行使功能。孔隙分布、暴露平面区域和孔隙度具有关键作用,其数量和分布会影响细胞渗透入支架的效率,而依据不同的制作工艺,支架具有不同的结构、随机或定制的孔隙分布。
支架可以通过包被或功能化以产生不同的特性和影响细胞的生长和行为,且有些“支架”技术还和“水凝胶”技术有着密切的关系。
2.技术举例:
支架的种类很多,基本可以分为:1. 天然支架如胶原、明胶、纤维蛋白、几丁聚糖、粘多糖、琼脂糖和海藻酸等,天然支架具有生物兼容性,但稳定性较差;2. 合成支架如聚苯乙烯、聚己内酯、聚氨酯等,合成材料具有一致性、稳定性,但惰性、坚硬,生物兼容性较差
培养支架技术优势:
-可实现器官型共培养-模拟分层的组织结构
-与现有的塑料制品格式和下游分析方法兼容
-结构一致具有可重复性,兼容高通量
小结:不同3D细胞培养技术都各有优势和不足,因此在选择合适的3D细胞培养系统时需要考虑多方面因素,比如要解决的问题或研究目的、实验模型、细胞类型、技术可实现性、下游分析方法和样品数量等。
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这个软件可以模拟细胞的聚集吗?就是通过改变溶液中小颗粒的数量,观察细胞的聚集。