䊈，或作酶，酒母也。
《四库全书♦五音集韵》
现代产业对酶的解释，肯定不是指酵母菌，而是指具有催化功能的蛋白质。酶作为天然催化剂，推动细胞内各种化学反应，对于生命体的存在有着至关重要的作用。从酶这个概念被提出来，到现在成熟的酶工业，大概经历了130-40年。酶的英文是Enzyme，希腊语的翻译是 “in yeast” ，意思是从酵母中来的。在1897年，科学家把酵母菌破壁处理后，得到的提取液有将葡萄糖转化成酒精和二氧化碳的功能，从那以后，人们开始认同并探索 “某些生物大分子可催化化学反应” 这一概念。
相比于传统化学催化，蛋白催化/酶催化的高效性、少废物等特点都是十分突出的，这也是过去40年，酶工业不断崛起的原因之一。现代生物技术的发展也是促进酶工业向前推动的重要动力，当代生物技术，如测序技术（Sequencing）、蛋白定向工程（Protein Engineering）、上游发酵（Fermentation）、下游工艺（Bioprocessing），无不助力于开发和生产更复杂更高效地酶产品。相信在不久的将来，酶工业只会不断扩大，并渗透到更多传统化学工业难以扩张的领域。
聊点实际的
那么现在酶相关的工业都有哪些呢？如下图所示，这是从一篇2016年的酶行业报告中总结出来的[1]。
看到这么多酶参与的产业，小编着实有些吃惊，没想到酶的实际应用已经这么广泛了。例子太多，就举几个比较典型的。
在上面这些酶应用的领域，最常见的应该是洗衣粉制造业。洗衣粉加酶的应用可以追溯到上世纪六十年代，人们发现酶可以在比较温和的温度上催化降解顽固污渍，酶作为蛋白还可以被自然降解，没有什么环境压力。现在的洗衣粉中加入的酶主要包括：蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶。其中蛋白酶占了很大的比例，值得一提的是如今洗衣粉行业几乎所有的蛋白酶都是从芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus species）里发现的。说到这里，还不去看看你家的“雕牌洗衣粉”加的是什么酶~~~
除了洗衣粉，酶在纺织工业上又有什么应用呢？最常见的应该是对羊毛面料的酶处理。早在上世纪八十年代，人们就开始用蛋白酶处理羊毛面料以防止缩水现象的发生。传统的羊毛面料都需要经过氯处理（chlorine-hercosett process）来防缩，但这个方法不环保，后期的酶处理就好很多。如下图所示，酶处理对面料防缩的影响。要说明的是，一次7A漂洗可以理解为普通洗衣机洗一次的力度和时长，一次5A漂洗相当于十次普通洗衣机洗羊毛制品的力度，7A和5A的漂洗温度均为40摄氏度。
除了生产用酶外，食品产业对酶的需求也是挺大的，下面这个饼图就是2015年全球酶工业的销售额，食品产业的酶销量达到13亿美元，是除生产用酶外，需求量最大的[1]。
在食品产业，最常见的酶应用应该是淀粉酶（amylase）和葡萄糖苷酶（amyloglucosidase）水解淀粉，水解后的淀粉会产生小分子单糖或多糖，给食物以甜味。除此以外，还有利用葡萄糖异构酶（glucose isomerase）来催化葡萄糖来生产果糖糖浆的例子。到2009年为止，已经有200种用于食物生产和加工的酶在食品产业广泛应用，其中57种酶是直接由GMO（Genetically modified microorganism=基因改造菌株）生产的。
说点学术的
酶，说到底就是蛋白质而已，既然未来对酶的需求只多不少，可知未来对催化蛋白的开发和优化必不可少。那么什么是开发和优化呢？
假如你是一个工厂厂主，想要生产酶制剂，你肯定希望你的酶拥有生产成本低，产品稳定性高，酶催化效率高等等特点。但是自然界中发现的酶，大多是不具备这些特点的，那么，你要么去自然界寻找发现更符合生产要求的酶，或者是改造现有的酶以满足你的期望。这就是所谓的开发和优化。
那么现在主流的开发/优化策略有哪些呢？如下图，相信这些主流的策略对工程蛋白的同学来说并不陌生，详细就不赘述了，每种策略都有对应的简笔画，随意看看咯！值得说的是，策略C/D/E都牵扯到建库，所以筛选方法至关重要，特别是一些高通量的方法会十分适用，这个话题我们以后再说吧~~
Reference
[1] Jemli, S., Ayadi-Zouari, D., Hlima, H. B., & Bejar, S. (2016). Biocatalysts : application and engineering for industrial purposes. Critical reviews in biotechnology, 36(2), 246-258.
[2] Lobedanz, S., Damhus, T., Borchert, T. V., Hansen, T. T., Lund, H., Lai, W.,& Kirk, O. (2016). Enzymes in Industrial Biotechnology. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology.
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