多肽合成原理
多肽是蛋白质水解的中间产物，是α－氨基酸以肽键连接在一起而形成的化合物。由两个氨基酸分子脱水缩合而成的化合物叫做二肽，同理有n个氨基酸分子脱水缩合而成的化合物叫做n肽。通常把三肽以上的叫多肽。
多肽合成以固相合成为反应原理，在密闭的防爆玻璃反应器中使氨基酸按照已知顺序（序列，一般从C端-羧基端向N端-氨基端）不断添加、反应、合成，操作最终得到多肽载体。固相合成法，大大的减轻了每步产品提纯的难度。为了防止副反应的发生，参加反应的氨基酸的侧链都是保护的。羧基端是游离的，并且在反应之前必须活化。固相合成方法有两种，即Fmoc和tBoc。由于Fmoc比tBoc存在很多优势，现在大多采用Fmoc法合成，但对于某些短肽，tBoc因其产率高的优势仍然被很多企业所采用。
具体合成由下列几个循环组成：
1.去保护：Fmoc保护的柱子和单体必须用一种碱性溶剂（piperidine）去除氨基的保护基团。
2.激活和交联：下一个氨基酸的羧基被一种活化剂所活化。活化的单体与游离的氨基反应交联，形成肽键。在此步骤使用大量的超浓度试剂驱使反应完成。循环：这两步反应反复循环直到合成完成。
3.洗脱和脱保护：多肽从柱上洗脱下来，其保护基团被一种脱保护剂（TFA）洗脱和脱保护。
多肽的分类
多肽有生物活性多肽和人工合成多肽两种。
1、生物活性肽
生物活性肽(BioactivePeptides，BAP)是对生物机体的生命活动有益或是具有生理作用的肽类化合物，是一类相对分子质量小于6000Da，具有多种生物学功能的多肽。生物活性肽具有多种人体代谢和生理调节功能，易消化吸收，有促进免疫、激素调节、抗菌、抗病毒、降血压、降血脂等作用，是当前国际食品界最热门的研究课题和极具发展前景的功能因子。
2、人工合成多肽
固相多肽合成方法(SPPS)，由于其合成方便，迅速，成为多肽合成的首选方法，而且带来了多肽有机合成上的一次革命，并成为了一支独立的学科——固相有机合成，固相合成的发明同时促进了肽合成的自动化。世界上第一台真正意义上的多肽合成仪出现在1980年代初期。
基于将单个N-α保护氨基酸反复加到生长的氨基成份上，合成一步步地进行，通常从合成链的C端氨基酸开始，接着的单个氨基酸的连接通过用DCC，混合炭酐，或N-carboxy酐方法实现。Carbodiimide方法包括用DCC做连接剂连接N-和C-保护氨基酸。重要的是，这种连接试剂促接N保护氨基酸自己炭基和C保护氨基酸自由氨基间的缩水，形成肽链，同时产出N，N?/FONT>-dyaylcohercylurea副产物。
多肽合成方法
1、酸酐法
在多肽合成中，最初考虑应用酸酐要追溯到1881年TheodorCurtius对苯甲酰基氨基乙酸合成的早期研究。从氨基乙酸银与苯甲酰氯的反应中，除获得苯甲酰氨基乙酸外，还得到了BZ-Glyn-OH(n=2-6)。早期曾认为，当用苯甲酰氯处理时，N－苯甲酰基氨基酸或N－苯甲酰基肽与苯甲酸形成了活性中间体不对称酸酐。大约在70年后，TheodorWieland利用这些发现将混合酸酐法用于现代多肽合成。
目前，除该方法外，对称酸酐以及由氨基酸的羧基和氨基甲酸在分子内形成的N－羧基内酸酐（NCA,Leuchsanhydrides）也用肽缩合。最后应该提到，不对称酸酐常常参与生化反应中的酰化反应。
2、混合酸酐法
有机羧酸和无机酸皆可用于混合酸酐的形成。然而，仅有几个得到了广泛的实际应用，多数情况下，采用氯甲酸烷基酯。过去频繁使用的氯甲酸乙酯，目前主要被氯甲酸异丁酯所替代。
由羧基组分和氯甲酸酯起始形成的混合酸酐，其氨解反应的区域选择性依赖依赖于两个互相竞争的羰基的亲电性和（或）空间位阻。在由N保护的氨基酸羧酸盐（羧基组分）和氯甲酸烷基酯（活化组分，例如源于氯甲酸烷基酯）形成混合酸酐时，亲核试剂胺主要进攻氨基酸组分的羧基，形成预期的肽衍生物，并且释放出游离酸形式的活性成分。
3、酰基叠氮物法
酰基叠氮物法早在1902年就被引入到肽化学中，因此它是最古老的缩合方法之一。在碱性水溶液中，除了与酰基叠氨缩合的游离氨基酸和肽以外，氨基酸酯可用于有机溶剂中。与其他许多缩合方法不同的是，它不需要增加辅助碱或另一等当量的氨基组分来捕获腙酸。
长期以来，一直认为叠氮物法是唯一不发生消旋的缩合方法，随着可选择性裂解的氨基酸保护基引入，该方法经历了一次大规模的复兴。该方法的起始原料分别是晶体状的氨基酸酰肼或肽酰肼64,通过肼解相应的酯很容易得到。
4、对称酸酐法
Nα－酰基氨基酸的对称酸酐是用于肽键形成的高活性中间体。与混合酸酐法多肽合成相反，它与胺亲核试剂的反应没有模棱两可的区域选择性。但肽缩合产率最高，为50%（以羧基组分计）。
虽然由对称酸酐氨解形成的游离Nα－酰基氨基酸可以和目标肽一起，通过饱和碳酸氢钠溶液萃取回收，但在最初，这种方法的实用价值极低。对称酸酐可以用Nα－保护氨基酸与光气，或方便的碳二亚胺反应制得。两当量的Nα－保护氨基酸与－当量的碳二亚胺反应有利于对称酸酐的形成，对称酸酐可以分离出来，也可不经纯化而直接用于后面的缩合反应。基于Nα－烷氧羰基氨基酸的对称酸酐对水解稳定，可采用类似上述纯化混合酸酐的方法进行纯化。
我们主要提供：多肽合成、定制多肽、同位素标记肽、人工胰岛素、磷酸肽、生物素标记肽、荧光标记肽（Cy3、Cy5、Fitc、AMC等）、目录肽、偶联蛋白（KLH、BSA、OVA等）、化妆品肽、多肽文库构建、抗体服务、糖肽、订书肽、药物肽、RGD环肽等。
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