酶是存在于生物体内的一种生物催化剂。和普通的化学催化剂一样,它可以提高化学反应的速度,但不能改变反应方向和反应平衡。它与化学催化剂不同的是,它本身是种蛋白质。由于其蛋白质的根本属性,相比于普通的化学催化剂生物催化剂具有很多优势。
首先酶作为生物催化剂反应一般在常温、常压和近于中性的条件下进行,投资小、能耗少,且操作安全性高;其次生物催化剂具有极高的催化效率,比化学催化效率高107-1012倍;再次生物催化剂具有高度专一性,酶对底物(反应物)和反应类型具有高度的选择性,副产物极少,产物易于分离,能使许多用化学催化剂难以进行的反应得以实现,更可用于手性化技术中,生产光学纯的药物中间体;最后酶催化剂本身是可生物降解的蛋白质,是理想的绿色催化剂,不会破坏环境,符合当下绿色环保的大潮流。
由于上述的各种优势,生物催化剂已经成为各国科学家的研究热点。小编今天简单介绍一些用来表征酶的性质的一些参数,希望可以帮助到刚刚涉及这个领域的科研人员。酶的性质包括活性,稳定性,立体选择性, 催化多功能性(catalytic promiscuity)等。
酶的活性(Activity)
酶活性是一个用来衡量催化反应的速率的参数,具体的定义是单位时间内转化底物的摩尔数。用来表征酶活性的参数有初始速率(initial rate),比活性(Specific activity),米氏常数(Km),最大反应速率(Vmax)等。这个性质很容易理解,这里不做过多介绍。小编后续的文章会介绍如何来测定酶的活性,米氏常数等。
稳定性(stability)
酶反应的条件通常比较温和,工业中应用的酶通常需要进行改造,固定化或添加保护剂等。酶的活性极易受到温度,pH, 有机溶剂的影响。酶的稳定性就是用来衡量酶承受外界极端条件的能力的参数。酶的稳定性可以分为动力学稳定性(kinetic activity)和热动力学稳定性(thermodynamics stability)。动力学稳定性与酶的活性有关,主要指蛋白质在经历不可逆的失活之前保持活性的时间。考察蛋白质动力学稳定性最常用的指标是半衰期(t1/2),即在特定条件下,蛋白质失去活力的一半所用的时间。其他的检测指标还包括失活速率常数(k),最适反应温度(Topt)以及T50X,即在T温度下保存X时间,蛋白质的活力减少到50 %。热动力学稳定性关注于蛋白质构象的解折叠情况,考察热动力学稳定性的指标包括蛋白质解折叠的吉布斯自由能变(ΔGu),解折叠平衡常数(Ku),或者熔点(Tm)。
立体选择性(Sterospecificity)
与传统的化学催化剂相比,极高立体选择性是酶的主要优点之一。我们知道具有手性中心的化学分子是有异构体的。对称的两个分子通常具有不同的性质,一个分子是治疗疾病的活性组分,另一个分子可能是有毒或无效的。例如,β-受体阻断剂普萘洛尔(propranolol)的两个对映异构体的体外活性相差98倍,非甾体抗炎药萘普生(naproxen)的(S)-构型对映体的活性比其对映体的活性强35倍。又如天然的尼古丁(nicotine)的毒性要比其非天然的对映体的毒性大得多。在20世纪60年代,镇静药沙利度胺(thalidomide,又名“反应停”)是以两个对映体的混合物(消旋体)用作缓解妊娠反应药物的。后来发现,在欧洲服用过此药的孕妇中有不少产下海豚状畸形儿,成为震惊国际医药界的悲惨事件。随后的研究表明:沙利度胺的两个对映体中只有(R)—对映体具有缓解妊娠反应作用,而(S)—对映体是一种强力致畸剂,在妊娠第1~2个月内服用会导致胎儿畸形闭。这是两个对映体具有定性上不同的药理或生理活性的突出例子。
沙利度胺的两个对映体
酶的高立体选择性体现在它能够催化反应产生特定结构的单一构型分子,这个优势使得酶在生物制药领域拥有了广泛的应用前景。
催化多功能性(catalytic promiscuity)
酶一直被认为是一种快速、专一、只对一定反应具有高度识别性的生物催化剂,。然而一些研究表明部分酶还具有“兼职”功能, 即具有其他一些因特殊结构等因素产生的非酶促功能. 更令人惊奇的是许多酶能够在主反应的活性位点催化第二种反应, 也即催化多功能性(Catalytic promiscuity), 越来越多的研究证据表明催化多功能性相当普遍[1]。催化多功能性在酶的进化及其二级代谢产物的生物合成上具有极其重要的意义, 它的研究为确定酶与酶之间的进化关系提供了重要的线索。将酶的催化多功能性和蛋白质工程相结合, 可以极大地扩展生物催化剂在有机或生物合成中的应用
Reference:
[1]许建明, 林贤福. 酶的催化多功能性及其在有机合成中的新进展[J]. 有机化学, 2007, 27(12): 1473-1478.
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