研究酶的科研汪们都知道,无论是表达一种新酶,还是工程一个现有的酶,都需要对酶的一系列特性进行表征。在表征酶功能的众多性质中Km和Kcat是两个非常重要的参数,点这里 了解Km和Kcat的意义。小编这次主要介绍Km以及Vmax的测定方法(喂!你上面不是说Kcat吗,这里咋冒出了Vmax? 请点上面链接复习Kcat和Vmax之间的关系)。为了方便后文的介绍,有必要在这里重新复习一下米氏方程:
公式中V是酶促反应速率,[S]是底物浓度,Vmax 是最大反应速率,Km为米氏常数。米氏方程可是小编母校研究生面试必考题目,不能忘记!
Lineweaver-Burk 双倒数法
自然界中酶有千万种,并非所有的酶都遵循米氏方程,为了验证酶是否遵循米氏方程,我们可以实验测定在同一酶浓度条件下,不同的底物浓度对应的酶初始反应速率。然后画出Lineweaver-Burk 双倒数图,也就是米氏方程的倒数改写:
对于遵循米氏方程的酶促反应,1/V与1/[S]之间应该为线性关系,如下图。
从上图中我们可以很容易的计算出Vmax和Km: Vmax是线性方程纵截距的倒数,Km是线性方程横截距倒数的相反数。Lineweaver-Burk双倒数法通常能够比较准确的测定出Km与Vmax,但是双倒数的方法有一个问题,就是使低浓度的数据点占据了过高的权重。在底物浓度很低时,产物生成的速度也很低,因此测定反应速度的精度就很低。如果上面的论述不是很清楚,下面这张图应该可以更好说明这个问题:
从上图可以看到最小底物浓度时酶促反应速率很低,所以在1/[S]很大时1/V的数值也很大,这导致低浓度的实验点占据了过大的权重,实验的数据点无法均匀的分布在图中。为了克服这一缺点,Eadie-Hofstee 做图法以及Hanes 做图法相继被提出。
Eadie-Hofstee 做图法
这种方法将米氏方程以如下形式改写:
v = Vmax – Km x v / [S]
以反应速率V对V/[S]进行做图,会得到如下图中的直线
从图中可以发现Vmax是线性方程的纵截距,而直线的斜率就是Km的相反数。Eadie-Hofstee方法克服了实验数据点分布不均的问题,然而这种方法也有一个问题,就是V被用了两次,既出现在横坐标也出现在了纵坐标,因此在检测反应速率时出现误差会被叠加,这会导致检测Km 与 Vmax 的准确度降低。
Hanes 做图法
Hanes做图法以如下形式重排米氏方程:
[S] / v = Km / Vmax + [S] / Vmax
以[S] / v对[S]做图会得到下面的直线
从图中可知Y截距是 Km / Vmax,直线斜率是 1 / Vmax,X截距是Km的相反数。
这种方法同样克服了实验室数据点分布不均以及低浓度点过高权重的问题,但是从图中可以发现[S]被使用了两次,横纵坐标中都有底物浓度的参与。与Eadie-Hofstee 做图法类似,这会导致底物浓度测定过程中产生的误差被叠加。底物浓度测定产生的误差主要来自于微量移液器的使用(计算错误这种问题就不讨论了啊!),因此除非你有极高的移液器使用技巧,否则不推荐使用本方法哦。
非线性拟合
通过对上面方法的了解,似乎倒数法中的每种方法都有弊端。那我们不妨回归到开始,米氏方程是这样的
我们为什么不能直接将V与[S]进行非线性拟合到米氏方程,从而直接获得Vmax 以及 Km呢?事实上,这种非线性拟合的方法相对于倒数法是更常用更准确的。非线性回归是在对变量的非线性关系有一定认识前提下,对非线性函数的参数进行最优化的过程,最优化后的参数会使得模型的残差平方和达到最小。
非线性拟合相对于双倒数法的麻烦之处在于测量酶的反应速率使底物浓度的选择要尽量多,并且要覆盖米氏方程曲线的三个区域:一级反应区,反应速率虽底物浓度增加而直线增加;混合级反应区域,趋于平缓;最后是零级反应区域,反应速率不再虽底物浓度增加而增加。只有选择的实验点完整的覆盖这些区域,拟合出来的米氏方程才是准确的。
用于非线性回归分析的软件很多,比如Sigmaplot, Matlab, Orgin等等。下面我们以OrginPro9.0为例,看一下如何利用Origin做图软件拟合米氏方程并获得方程中的两个常数Vmax以及Km。
1. 首先新建一个数据表,将底物浓度与反应速率的数据输入,设定底物浓度为横坐标X,反应速率的纵坐标Y
2. 全选X 与Y坐标数据,然后选择菜单栏Analysis: Fitting: Nonlinear Curve Fit:Open Dialog
3. 在Setting:Function Selection页面内的Category选择Pharmacology, Function选择米氏方程(MichaelisMenten), 而后点击Fit便可得到拟合结果了。注意:Origin 8.0以前的版本中没有保存米氏函数,大家可以选择Hill函数。Hill函数如下:
当Hill函数中的n等于1时,该函数就变成了米氏方程。
4. 非线性拟合结束后即可查看拟合结果报告,从Summary一栏中我们可以知道通过本次实验数据计算得到的最大反应速率Vmax是4.51mM/min,米氏常数Km是23.26mM。 同时也可以在报告中查看拟合结果的准确性,最常用的指标便是R2 ,本次拟合的R square是0.95757。另外我们也可以在拟合报告中查看拟合获得的图形。
总结
Lineweaver-Burk双倒数法是常用的测定酶米氏常数Km的方式,然而由于其低浓度数值引起的实验点分布不均的问题常导致测定结果不准确。Hanes 做图法以及Eadie-Hofstee 做图法克服数据点分布不均的问题,但两种方法的准确性受实验操作误差影响极大。
倒数法的另一个问题就是无法处理0以及负数的数据点。在测定反应速率时我们有时需要减去空白对照,这时所得的数偶尔是0或者负数。但是在倒数法中V和[S]处在分母的位置,这些数据点是无法用倒数法处理的。非线性拟合是一种相对准确的测定动力学常数的方法,同时能够处理0或负数的数据点,但是需要检测足够的数据点以便覆盖曲线的全部区域。有文献报道, 为了计算得到相对准确的Km值,需要至少10个数据点 [3]。
参考文献
[1] Markus, M, Hess, B, Ottway, J H and Cornish-Bowden, A (1976) FEBS Letters 63, 225-230
[2] Hofstee, B H J (1959) Nature 184, 1296-1298
[3] Ritchie R J, Prvan T. Current statistical methods for estimating the Km and Vmax of Michaelis‐Menten kinetics[J]. Biochemical Education, 1996, 24(4): 196-206.
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您好,您在上一篇中提到测定酶的活性的时候,保证底物浓度非常高,使酶的饱和位点饱和,那酶的稀释梯度是怎样的呢?