钻石本质上是由碳构成,更确切的说,是由高度有序的碳原子组成。虽然地质学家仍在研究钻石如何于10亿至30亿年前在地球上形成,但根据一项发表在《自然》(Nature)杂志上的研究,他们一般认为钻石的形成过程有以下四步:
- 二氧化碳被掩埋入地下100英里(约160公里)。
- 加热到1200摄氏度。
- 被每平方厘米5,1000千克的压力紧紧压缩。
- 迅速流向地球表面降温。
可以看到,天然钻石的形成条件非常苛刻,因此天然钻石具有很高带的经济价值。由于天然钻石的稀少,这就催生了人造钻石。
目前有两种方法可以在实验室中合成钻石。
1HPHT法
HPHT,a.k.a,high-pressure high-temperature。
第一种合成方法被称为高温-高压法(简称HPHT)。这是最接近地球内部产生的钻石,原料是石墨。没错,石墨本质也是碳,是碳的一种同素异形体。我们最常接触到的石墨就是铅笔。把石墨置于高温、高压以及金属催化剂的体系中。通过HPHT法,石墨的晶体结构被破坏重组,在几天之内就能形成钻石。然而,这些钻石不像天然钻石那么纯,因为在反应体系中,有金属催化剂参与其中。
从碳原子的排列结构上也可以看出,经过HPHT以后,形成高度一致的晶体的晶体结构。
2CVD法
CVD,a.k.a,Chemical Vapor Deposition
另一种合成钻石的方法就是化学气相沉积法(简称CVD法),这种方法无需巨大的压力,并且还能产生比天然钻石更完美的人造钻石。先把一块钻石置于减压室中,然后用微波束轰击天然气,形成碳的等离子体。当气体加热到2000度时,碳原子就像“雨”一样落在减压室的钻石上并依附在其之上,然后完美的钻石就能在一夜之间生长出来。最后,再用高功率的激光把钻石切割成想要的形状就行。
科研狗们,看完之后,想不想赶紧自己动手为她造一颗钻石呢?嘿嘿~
本文非原创,原作者为Dillan-怪罗天下
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