2017年3月10日,天津大学化工学院系统生物工程教育部重点实验室元英进团队在同期《科学》杂志发表了题为《化学合成十号染色体缺陷靶点定位与生长表征》(Bug mapping and fitness test of chemically synthesized chromosome X.Science 355, eaaf4706 (2017))和《完美设计合成V号染色体及其环化表型研究》(“Perfect” designer chromosome V and behavior of a ring derivative. Science 355, eaaf4704 (2017))的两篇研究长文。
文章报道了全化学合成重新设计的真核生物酿酒酵母十号染色体,长达707 Kb,创建了一种高效定位生长缺陷靶点的方法(pooled PCRTag mapping[PoPM]),解决了合成型基因组导致细胞失活的难题,并且提供了一种表型和基因型关联分析的新策略,有助于延伸对基因组和细胞功能的认知(Science 355, eaaf4706 (2017));首次报道了精确匹配设计序列的真核生物染色体的化学合成,验证和评判了当前真核生物人工染色体的设计原则。同时,开发了定制化人工构建酿酒酵母环形染色体的方法,为研究染色体重排、癌症、衰老、人类染色体异常疾病等提供了新的研究思路和研究模型(Science 355, eaaf4704 (2017))。
重大意义
人工设计与合成生命是人类长久以来的梦想,DNA编码了生命的遗传信息,基因组的合成标志着人类对生物本质的研究进入了生命合成阶段。病毒基因组的合成开启了人类基因组化学合成研究,原核生物和真核生物基因组合成的研究不断取得突破,实现了化学全合成基因组对单细胞原核生物和真核生物的生命调控。人工合成基因组的尺度和复杂度的不断提升,向科学界对生物体运作方式以及生命本质的认知提出了越来越大的挑战。
2010年,美国科学家利用化学方法得到了能够发挥正常功能的全新支原体细胞,标志着人工合成原核生物活性基因组的研究取得重大突破。该研究同时报道了在人工合成基因组过程中,即使是单碱基对的删除也可能导致合成型基因组的失活。原核生物的基因组相对简单,而动物、植物、真菌等等真核生物的DNA既丰富又复杂,来自美国、中国、英国、法国、澳大利亚、新加坡等国家的科学家形成了人工合成酿酒酵母基因组国际联盟(Sc2.0),旨在利用一系列设计原则对真核生物酿酒酵母基因组进行重新设计并化学再造。
真核生物基因组序列信息的庞大,和当前研究对生命本质认知程度的不足,导致真核生物基因组的重新设计难度远高于原核生物。人工设计过程中出现的各种纰漏会导致携带合成型染色体细胞的生长适应性降低乃至致死,造成对现行真核生物基因组设计原则和设计方法的评价与改进难度非常大。
癫痫、智力发育迟缓、白血病等多种人类遗传疾病和癌症的发生与染色体成环密切相关,目前尚无有效的治疗手段。以合成型酿酒酵母环形染色体为研究对象,可以加快在基因组重排、环形染色体进化领域的研究进度,为人类环形染色体疾病、癌症和衰老等提供研究与治疗模型。
科学问题与技术难题
酿酒酵母是第一个被全基因组测序的真核生物。大尺度的设计和重建酵母基因组是对目前酵母领域知识贮备的真实性、完整性和准确性的一个直接考验。酵母基因组合成国际计划(Sc2.0)旨在构建一个人工设计和全合成的酿酒酵母基因组。
人工基因组的设计遵循三点原则:保持人工细胞生长状态接近野生型、增加基因组稳定性和增强遗传操作灵活性。
问题1:在基因组尺度的DNA合成中面临的一个巨大的挑战是定位人工基因组中影响细胞长势的序列,即缺陷(bug)。常规的排除缺陷(debugging)的方法包括:1)将合成型DNA分段检测,逐步锁定靶点,缺点是耗时耗力,对于多靶点引起生长缺陷的问题难以定位;2)利用减数分裂染色体链交换得到合成型DNA和野生型DNA的拼接结构,再逐个检测孢子,收集整理大量孢子的表型和基因型数据,进一步分析锁定缺陷靶点,缺点依旧是需要大量的时间和人力。化学合成的基因组能否具有正常的生物学功能,是否影响细胞对不同环境的适应性,是哪些基因哪段序列影响细胞生长?急需一种高效的定位细胞生长缺陷靶点的方法来加快合成基因组学的发展。此外,通过生长缺陷靶点的定位,可以修正和补充当前的认知,指导未来的基因组设计(Science 355, eaaf4706 (2017))。
问题2:在人工设计合成基因组的研究中,实际序列与设计序列的精确匹配对于系统性评价当前真核生物的设计原则至关重要。全基因组范围内发生非常小的核苷酸变化,都可能对生物表型产生重大影响乃至致死。因此,超长人工DNA片段的精准合成难题亟待解决。基因操作导致的核苷酸变化在全基因组范围随机分布,种类繁杂,同时真核生物基因组复制过程中会产生核苷酸变化,为基因组的精确、快速修复带来巨大挑战(Science 355, eaaf4704 (2017))。
问题3:真核生物基因组呈线性,快速、定制化的染色体环化技术相对缺乏,对环形染色体疾病的研究与治疗造成障碍(Science 355, eaaf4704 (2017))。
主要科学突破
元英进团队开创性地利用加注的标签系统和混菌策略,创建了一种高效定位缺陷靶点的方法,即“混菌PCR标签定位法”(pooled PCRTag mapping[PoPM])。通过缺陷靶点的定位与修复,挖掘出了未知的酵母生物学新知识,如:YJR120W基因的3‘端loxPsym位点的引入影响附近基因ATP2的表达;必需基因FIP1重编码会引入新的转录因子Rap1p的潜在结合位点。
另外,研究团队利用酵母减数分裂同源重组机制修复了合成型染色体上的大片段重复和重排的变异结构。PoPM可适用于任何有水印标识的合成型染色体的缺陷定位,是排除化学基因组缺陷的有力工具,也是定位表型和基因型关系的新策略,有望显著提升人类对基因组结构和功能的理解。(Science 355, eaaf4706 (2017))。
创建了多级模块化和标准化染色体合成方法,建立了一步法大片段组装技术和并行式染色体合成策略,实现了由小分子核苷酸到活体真核染色体的定制精准合成。建立了基于多靶点片段共转化的基因组精确修复技术,实现了真核染色体化学合成序列与设计序列的完美匹配,该技术的突破为基因组的重新设计、功能验证与技术改进奠定了基础。设计构建了一组合成酵母V号染色体环形模型,并通过人工基因组中设计的特异标签实现对细胞分裂过程中染色体变化的追踪和分析,为研究当前无法治疗的环形染色体疾病的发生机理和潜在治疗手段建立了研究模型 (Science 355, eaaf4704 (2017))。
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