实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)是分子实验室家喻户晓的基因表达定量技术。无论是刚入实验室的菜鸟,还是久经沙场的老手,都需要时不时用一下这个高大上的技术来进行转基因的检测、突变体的鉴定、组织表达的定量或标记基因的表达。对于大多数老手而言,qRT-PCR不过是配一板PCR体系丢到机器里去,静等两个小时结果出来的一个小实验。然而对于刚进实验室不久的生物小白们,花了两周时间从各大平台和课本中好不容易掌握了SYBR Green的发光原理、Ct值的定义、甚至可以根据ΔΔCt公式手算定量结果,真正开展实验时,却发现自己面对的唯有一机器、一酶、一PCR板、一移液枪而已。
所以说,qRT-PCR的体系究竟要怎么配置?和普通的PCR有何区别?如何选择合适的酶?如何加样才能避免污染?怎么配体系才能做到“三线合一”?配完体系后有又如何进行程序及参数设定?你是不是掌握了qRT-PCR所有原理但操作起来还是无从下手?如果你并不知道这些实验干货,赶紧搬好小板凳,拿出记录本,这篇文章就是为你而准备的。
qRT-PCR的引物设计注意事项
qRT-PCR有自己的引物标准,简单而言,引物设计要用专门的软件,包括内参基因与目的基因在内的所有引物Tm值不应相差两度。扩增片段的长度以200-300 bp为宜。除此之外,还需要注意以下法则:1)用于突变体的基因表达量鉴定时,引物最好设在两个外显子之间,横跨中间的内含子,这样可以避免DNA的污染;2)用于过表达基因表达量时,需找出该家族所有同源基因并进行比对,并在保守性最差的区域设计引物;3)用于标记基因检测的引物序列最好来自发表的文献。
除此之外,内参基因的选择也需要稍微走下心。以模式植物拟南芥为例,常用的内参基因Actin2和Actin7虽然在营养组织有稳定的高表达,但在花粉、胚胎及种子部位几乎无表达。因此如果进行组织特异性表达测定时我们应该选择28S,而不是Actin2或Actin7。当然,这些内参基因的引物序列也最好引用自发表的文献。
最后值得注意的是,引物用完后需放入-20℃保存。尽量避免反复冻融,如果多次使用可在第一次溶解好后进行分装。如果在实验过程中出现以前能扩增的基因扩不出的现象,多半是引物降解或部分降解导致的。在实验期间引物解冻后需用涡旋混匀,离心待用。
qRT-PCR的模版需求
通常而言,如果你想做一个突变体鉴定实验,那么模版质量要求可适当放宽,只要cRNA反转录成功即可。但如果你要做一个厉害的标记基因鉴定,并且想要达到传说中“三线合一”的境界,那么模版质量就另当别论了。首先,RNA要经过严格的定量(因为反转成cDNA后,反转时加入的dNTP会严重干扰定量结果,因此对cDNA定量是没有意义的)。尽量取等量的、未降解的RNA进行反转录(并选择含有DNAase的试剂盒)。反转好的cDNA模版需一次性稀释20-30倍,不可长期保存,每次用时前先混匀再离心。qRT-PCR实验最好在一个星期内完成。
qRT-PCR中SYBR Green酶的选择
工欲善其事,必先利其器。高质量的酶是保证高质量结果的前提。现在市售的酶多为2 X MIX的形式。在市售酶的选用方面,我们首先应该选择稳定、扩增效率高的酶,其次还应注意解冻后的MIX粘性不宜过大(粘性过大的MIX会导致加样时枪头出现挂液),最后应注意同一板qRT-PCR体系不宜用两管MIX,即加完一管发现不够用,继续开一管新的MIX接着加。正确的做法应为先估算总体系,将两管MIX预先加到一起,混匀后离心,用混匀的MIX配置体系。
qRT-PCR中体系的配置
qRT-PCR要求对每个样品做三个平行体系。一般来说,每个最终的反应体系为10μl(然而试剂盒上推荐的体系为25 μl,但这样既浪费酶,用中号枪头加样还降低了重复性)。最好用10 μl小号进口枪头加入。
配体系时,一般先将水、MIX及引物混成3倍体积的总体系(此时应给每管留1.5ul的损耗,另外有些仪器还要求加入适量Passive Reference Dye用于标定仪器),再用排枪分装入qRT-PCR板。模版要在最后,最后,最后用排枪加入(稀释20-30倍后,模版可加至1 μl以上,大大提高了可重复性)。
最后附一些实用的qRT-PCR体系配置技巧:
1)在冰上配置体系;
2)所有的枪头和PCR板都用进口的;
3)尽量用排枪进行平行操作,尽量用同一枪头完成样品分装;
4)模版加在管壁上,这样在不换枪头的前提下可有效避免样品污染,最后用96孔板离心机离心。
qRT-PCR程序的设置
目前市面上有许多进口或国产的qRT-PCR仪器,关于这些仪器的参数设置,我们可以请教师兄师姐或拨打公司的服务热线。
而反应程序的设置,则需要参考购买的SYBR Green酶的说明书。值得注意的是,虽然说明书中大多数SYBR Green酶的扩增效率都显得牛逼闪闪(如三步法时循环部分的程序为95℃ 30s,50-60℃ 5s,72℃ 15s),但倘若扩增效果不尽人意,适当延长退火及扩增时间也许会大有帮助哦。
好了,有了这么多qRT-PCR体系的配置技巧,小伙伴们只要做到不染风尘、心无旁骛、人枪合一,稍加练习后,配制高质量的qRT-PCR体系必将不在话下。
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关于设计引物那里,我接触的要求扩增片段长度为90~150bp;
想排除基因组DNA污染,还可以反转录前将总RNA用DNA酶消化一下,当然,最好还是跨内含子或者跨外显子设计引物。