在整个药物发现的进程中,药物分子的ADME(吸收、分布、代谢和排泄)性质的优化是最为困难的一环。ADME性质的分析对药物研发的成功与否起关键作用。
候选药物ADME性质不佳的可能表现
- 增加剂量并未提高血清中的药物浓度——吸收问题
- 血清中药物浓度合适,但脑中分布很少——主动外排(Active efflux)
- 反复给药但血清中浓度降低——诱导酶活
- 和其他药物共同服用时,血药浓度升高——抑制酶活
- 作用时间与半衰期不符——产生活性代谢产物或从靶标解离过慢
药物发现过程中针对ADME的整体策略
在药物发现的不同阶段,对候选药物分子性质的密切关注都是不可或缺的。
- 苗头化合物(Hit)的发现:计算分子的理化性质参数,标记分子的ADME性质;如有可能,实验测定logP/D和溶解度。
- 先导化合物(Lead)的发现:96孔板(或384孔板)测定化合物的细胞渗透能力(PAMPA, MDCK-hMDR),微粒体稳定性,CYP3A(药物代谢中最常见的CYP亚型)抑制率,大鼠体内的药代动力学测定。
- 先导化合物的优化:96孔板(或384孔板)测定化合物对转运蛋白的作用,CYP不同亚型的抑制和诱导作用,血清蛋白的结合,多物种血清/微粒体/肝细胞中稳定性(人体、用于研究药效学的物种、用于研究安全性的物种);代谢产物鉴定;测定体内PK/ PD关系探究药效;测定体内PK探究安全性。
- 候选药物(Candidate)的发现:多剂量安全性研究,预测人体内药代动力学及药物-药物相互作用。构思成药配方,最大安全剂量,最大耐受剂量。
PK/PD研究
PK(pharmacokinetics,药代动力学),本质上是研究药物在体内随时间变化的过程,时间-药物浓度构成的二维坐标;PD(Pharmacodynamics,药效动力学),本质上是研究药物在体内的作用随时间变化的过程,时间-药效指标构成的二维指标。
PK和PD二者是两个独立的体内参数随时间的变化过程。理论上,将这两个参数拆分来看意义不大:若只看PK参数,能获知最大血药浓度、体内吸收、代谢速率等参数,但无法得知药效学信息;若只看PD参数,能获知药物起效时间、药效峰值,但无法检测药物在体内的实时情况。一般情况下,PD达到最大值滞后于PK的血药浓度峰值,那么到底滞后多少时间?这个答案就是PK/PD联合起来分析才能得到答案的一个最简单的应用。
所以,本质上说,PK/PD是由药物浓度-药效指标-时间构成的一个三维坐标图。设计实验同时测定体内药物浓度和药效指标,使用市面上相关软件建立模型,是研究PK/PD关系的基本流程。
CYPs
CYP(cytochrome P450,细胞色素P450)是涉及药物代谢作用的一大类酶,约占到各种代谢反应总数的75%。多数药物被CYPs代谢后失活,随后被排出体外;也有一些物质被CYPs代谢后生成其活性形式。
很多药物能够通过诱导某种亚型的生物合成(酶诱导)或者直接抑制CYP的活性(酶抑制),来调节CYPs活性。CYPs影响多种药物的代谢和清除是造成多数药物相互作用的主要原因。例如,若药物A抑制代谢药物B的CYP,药物B在体内浓度不断升高最终产生毒性。因此,若想减弱或消除药物相互作用,需要调整药物的剂量或者换用另外一种不与CYP系统反应的药物。
延伸阅读
图书
1. Kwon Y. Handbook of essential pharmacokinetics,pharmacodynamics and drug metabolism for industrial scientists[M]. SpringerScience & Business Media, 2001.
2. Di L, Kerns E H. Drug-like properties: concepts,structure design and methods from ADME to toxicity optimization[M]. Academicpress, 2015.
FDA指南
Clinical DrugInteraction Studies — Study Design, Data Analysis, and Clinical Implications Guidance for Industry
https://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidances/ucm292362.pdf
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