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氨苄筛选为什么不靠谱?

做分子生物的同学肯定对氨苄西林(Ampicillin)并不陌生。在大肠杆菌及其他细菌中进行基因克隆与蛋白表达的时候,这种广谱抗生素是最常用的选择标记之一。为了保证实验的成功,在注意操作的同时,大家有没有怀疑过自己使用的那些所谓靠谱的技术呢?就比如氨苄西林筛选。很多人循规蹈矩地做着这个实验,但发现质粒里往往没有自己的目标序列,或是产量很低。很有可能是你的选择标记已经失效了!通过这篇文章,小编会给大家讲讲氨苄筛选的工作原理和实验技巧,让你在表达蛋白的时候有个完美开端。

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首先,让我们简单的了解一下氨苄筛选的基本原理。氨苄西林是一种广谱抗生素,可以杀死多种革兰氏阴性菌或是阳性菌。但是它也有自己怕的东西,那就是β-内酰胺酶(β-lactamase)。这种酶可以将氨苄结构中的四元内酰胺环(β-内酰胺(β-lactam))水解,使其失去药性。基于这一特点,经过特殊设计的质粒都携带bla基因。转化成功的细菌会携带这种基因,从而表达β-内酰胺酶,在有氨苄西林的环境下生存下来。

但是现在问题来了:细菌产生的β-内酰胺酶水会分泌到细胞外的。随着细菌的生长,培养基中的β-内酰胺酶会不断增加,这时培养基内氨苄西林会被降解,浓度降低。筛选压力一旦消失或是变弱, 不带有抗性质粒的细菌,就有了可乘之机。这也就解释了实验中的一些现象。例如在琼脂板上产生了卫星菌落。琼脂板培养时间过长时,会发现一个大菌落的周围会出现一些小的卫星菌落。这是因为阳性克隆分泌了β-内酰胺酶,并在其周围积累聚集,降解了这个区域的抗生素,因此没有此质粒的小菌群则环绕而生。使用氨苄青霉素会产生的另一个问题是质粒丢失。细菌在传代的时候,会出现质粒丢失,传代次数越多,质粒丢失的可能性越大。对于其他抗生素如氯霉素,细菌如果丢失了部分带抗性的质粒,该菌在含有氯霉素的培养基中是不会生长的。但是对于氨苄则不然,在液体培养液中,培养时间过长的培养基中抗生素的浓度会降低,丢失了一部分质粒的细菌也可以在其中生长。因此对于使用氨苄作为抗性标记的克隆,每隔一段时间需要检查细菌质粒丢失情况。比较直观的办法就是通过SDS-PAGE,如果发现蛋白质的表达水平降低了,很大可能是因为质粒丢失了。这时候需要重新转化重组载体。

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说了这些缺点之后,大家是不是有点灰心了。小编根据自己的实验经验和网上信息,总结了以下几个方法,来克服氨苄筛选的缺点,希望能帮助到大家!如果你有更好的办法,也欢迎你在平台里给我们留言。

  • 在液体培养中,不要让细胞长到饱和,在LB培养基内,OD600绝对不能超过3;

  • 如果是扩大培养,可以先把初始培养液内细胞沉淀,然后利用新鲜的培养液重悬,再进行下一步的培养,这样可以大大减少β-内酰胺酶在液体中的含量;

  • 使用高浓度的氨苄西林,例如 200µg/mL; 这样β-内酰胺酶很难分解掉所有的氨苄西林,对预防卫星菌落很有效;

  • 不要使用配制时间过长的氨苄溶液。氨苄存储时间过长或者保存不当,很有可能发生降解。建议新配制的溶液分装保存,减少冻融的次数;

  • 如果还是不行的话,就试试卡比西林(Carbenicillin)。这个和氨苄筛选的工作原理很像,分解的速度相较于氨苄西林更慢,但也更贵。

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