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几种常用的蛋白标签的功能和优点

重组蛋白表达技术现已经广泛应用于生物学各个具体领域。特别是体内功能研究和蛋白质的大规模生产都需要应用重组蛋白表达载体。这里给大家简要介绍几个常用的蛋白标签及其功能和优点。蛋白标签是指与目的蛋白一起融合表达的一种多肽或者蛋白,以便于目的蛋白的表达、检测、示踪和纯化等。随着技术的不断发展,研究人员相继开发出了具有各种不同功能的蛋白标签。我们在选用不同标签时要搞清楚自己的需求,灵活运用各个标签。

GST标签

GST(谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶) 标签蛋白本身是一个在解毒过程中起到重要作用的转移酶,它的天然大小为26KD。将它应用在原核表达的原因大致有两个,一是因为它是一个高度可溶的蛋白,希望可以利用它增加外源蛋白的可溶性;另一个是它可以在大肠杆菌中大量表达,起到提高表达量的作用。

GST融合表达系统广泛应用于各种融合蛋白的表达,可以在大肠杆菌和酵母菌等宿主细胞中表达。结合的融合蛋白在非变性条件下用10mM 还原型谷胱甘肽洗脱。

在大多数情况下,融合蛋白在水溶液中是可溶的,并形成二体。GST标签可用酶学分析或免疫分析很方便的检测。标签有助于保护重组蛋白免受胞外蛋白酶的降解并提高其稳定性。在大多数情况下GST融合蛋白是完全或部分可溶的。

纯化:该表达系统表达的GST标签蛋白可直接从细菌裂解液中利用含有还原型谷胱甘肽琼脂糖凝胶(Glutathionesepharose)亲和树脂进行纯化。GST标签蛋白可在温和、非变性条件下洗脱,因此保留了蛋白的抗原性和生物活性。GST在变性条件下会失去对谷胱甘肽树脂的结合能力,因此不能在纯化缓冲液中加入强变性剂如:盐酸胍或尿素等。

如果要去除GST融合部分,可用位点特异性蛋白酶切除。

检测:可用GST抗体或表达的目的蛋白特异性抗体检测。

6×His标签

6×His是指六个组氨酸残基组成的融合标签,可插入在目的蛋白的C末端或N末端。当某一个标签的使用,一是能构成表位利于纯化和检测;二是构成独特的结构特征(结合配体)利于纯化。组氨酸残基侧链与固态的镍有强烈的吸引力,可用于固定化金属螯合层析(IMAC),对重组蛋白进行分离纯化。

使用His-tag有以下几个优点:

1. 标签的分子量小,只有~0.84KD,而GST和蛋白A分别为~26KD和~30KD,一般不影响目标蛋白的功能;

2. His标签融合蛋白可以在非离子型表面活性剂存在的条件下或变性条件下纯化,前者在纯化疏水性强的蛋白得到应用,后者在纯化包涵体蛋白时特别有用,用高浓度的变性剂溶解后通过金属螯和亲和层析去除杂蛋白,使复性不受其它蛋白的干扰,或进行金属螯和亲和层析复性;

3. His标签融合蛋白也被用于蛋白质-蛋白质、蛋白质-DNA相互作用研究;

4. His标签免疫原性相对较低,可将纯化的蛋白直接注射动物进行免疫制备抗体;

5. 可应用于多种表达系统,纯化的条件温和;

6. 可以和其它的亲和标签一起构建双亲和标签。

MBP标签

MBP(麦芽糖结合蛋白)标签蛋白大小为40kDa,由大肠杆菌K12的malE基因编码。MBP可增加在细菌中过量表达的融合蛋白的溶解性,尤其是真核蛋白。MBP标签可通过免疫分析很方便地检测。有必要用位点专一的蛋白酶切割标签。如果蛋白在细菌中表达,MBP可以融合在蛋白的N端或C端。

纯化:融合蛋白可通过交联淀粉亲和层析一步纯化。结合的融合蛋白可用10mM麦芽糖在生理缓冲液中进行洗脱。结合亲和力在微摩尔范围。一些融合蛋白在0.2% Triton X-100或0.25% Tween 20存在下不能有效结合,而其他融合蛋白则不受影响。 缓冲条件为pH7.0到8.5,盐浓度可高达1M,但不能使用变性剂。如果要去除MBP融合部分,可用位点特异性蛋白酶切除。

检测:可用MBP抗体或表达的目的蛋白特异性抗体检测。

FLAG标签

Flag标签蛋白为编码8个氨基酸的亲水性多肽(DYKDDDDK),同时载体中构建的Kozak序列使得带有FLAG的融合蛋白在真核表达系统中表达效率更高。

使用Flag标签的优点:

FLAG作为标签蛋白,其融合表达目的蛋白后具有以下优点:

1. FLAG作为融合表达标签,其通常不会与目的蛋白相互作用并且通常不会影响目的蛋白的功能、性质,这样就有利用研究人员对融合蛋白进行下游研究。

2. 融合FLAG的目的蛋白,可以直接通过FLAG进行亲和层析,此层析为非变性纯化,可以纯化有活性的融合蛋白,并且纯化效率高。

3. FLAG作为标签蛋白,其可以被抗FLAG的抗体识别,这样就方便通过Western Blot、ELISA等方法对含有FLAG的融合蛋白进行检测、鉴定。

4. 融合在N端的FLAG,其可以被肠激酶切除(DDDK),从而得到特异的目的蛋白。因此现FLAG标签已广泛的应用于蛋白表达、纯化、鉴定、功能研究及其蛋白相互作用等相关领域。

SUMO标签

SUMO标签蛋白是一种小分子泛素样修饰蛋白(Small ubiquitin-likemodifier),是泛素(ubiquitin)类多肽链超家族的重要成员之一。

在一级结构上,SUMO与泛素只有18%的同源性,然而两者的三级结构及其生物学功能却十分相似。研究发现SUMO可以作为重组蛋白表达的融合标签和分子伴侣,不但可以进一步提高融合蛋白的表达量,且具有抗蛋白酶水解以及促进靶蛋白正确折叠,提高重组蛋白可溶性等功能。

此外SUMO还有一项重要的应用,就是可用于完整地切除标签蛋白,得到天然蛋白。因为SUMO蛋白水解酶能识别完整的SUMO标签蛋白序列,并能高效地把SUMO从融合蛋白上切割下来。切除SUMO后,经过亲和层析,去除标签蛋白部分,就得到和天然蛋白一样的重组蛋白。所以SUMO标签也常用于和其他标签一起应用,作为特异酶切水解位点。

C-Myc标签

C-Myc标签蛋白,是一个含11个氨基酸的小标签,标签序列Glu-Gln-Lys-Leu-Ile-Ser-Glu-Glu-Asp-Leu,这11个氨基酸作为抗原表位表达在不同的蛋白质框架中仍可识别其相应抗体。C-Myc tag已成功应用在 Western-blot杂交技术、免疫沉淀和流式细胞计量术中, 可用于检测重组蛋白质在靶细胞中的表达。

eGFP/eCFP/eYFP/mCherry

分别是增强型绿色荧光蛋白/增强型黄绿色荧光蛋白/增强型黄绿色荧光蛋白/单体红色荧光蛋白,具有不同的激发波长发射波长为,均由野生型荧光蛋白通过氨基酸突变和密码子优化而来。
就eGFP而言,相对于GFP,其荧光强度更强、荧光性质更稳定。同时载体中构建的Kozak序列使得含有eGFP的融合蛋白在真核表达系统中表达效率更高。

mCherry是从DsRed演化来的性能最好的一个单体红色荧光蛋白,可以和GFP系列荧光蛋白共用,实现多色标记体内、外实验表明,mCherry在N端和C端融合外源蛋白时,荧光蛋白活性和被融合的目标蛋白功能相互没有明显影响。



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