和普通的测序比起来,单细胞测序给人的印象就是三高——高逼格,高门槛,高分文章。那么它究竟是如何成为测序技术中的三高的呢?
首先说说什么是单细胞测序(Single-cell sequencing)。普通测序所提取的RNA(或DNA)源于样本中的多个细胞,所以普通测序的结果不可避免的会受到不同细胞间异质性(Heterogeneity)的影响,而单细胞测序则是针对单个细胞的基因组进行测序,能够更好地帮助我们认识细胞与细胞之间的差异。
肯定有童鞋要问了,一个细胞里的DNA或RNA仅仅处在皮克(Picograms)级的水平,这么少的量远远达不到现有测序仪的最低上样需求,那么单细胞测序要怎么搞?这就不得不提到全基因组扩增(Whole-genome amplification,WGA)这项技术了,这项技术顾名思义,就是对全基因组进行扩增,目前主流上有三类方法(见下图)。
PCR为基础的扩增方法,在扩增的时候对一些特殊位点可能会存在偏好,导致对整个基因组的覆盖程度不够。以MDA(Multiple displacement amplification)为代表的等温法虽然对基因组的覆盖程度较好,但是一致性(Uniformity)较差。而以谢晓亮(Sunney Xie)教授研发的多重退火和成环循环扩增技术(Multiple Annealing and Looping-Based Amplification Cycles, MALBAC)为代表的混合法,在基因组的覆盖程度和一致性上相比于前两种方法处于中等。
从全基因组扩增这一步来看,扩增带来的误差会对全基因组测序的精度造成极大的影响。而实际上单细胞测序技术上的挑战远远不仅于此。从第一步细胞分离开始,就需要极高的实验操作水准,特别是在面对复杂的固状组织时,标准的protocol固然能帮上很大的忙,但是细致的操作和实操经验更为重要。而扩增之后,在基因组中如何选定合适的研究范围对于降低成本和提高效率至关重要。
正是由于单细胞测序所要面临的重重困难,在2013年以前,单细胞测序技术在全世界范围内只有极少数顶尖的实验室才有应用。2013年的时候,Fluidigm公司推出了世界上第一款单细胞RNA测序自动化准备系统(Single-cell automated prep system for RNA-seq),这一技术上的突破使得单细胞测序变得足够简单,成本也降低了很多,这才使得单细胞测序能够普及开来。同年,单细胞测序技术荣膺Nature Methods的年度技术。所以说,单细胞测序技术虽难,但是童鞋们现在上车并不算晚,车才刚开没一会。
下面说说我们到底为什么要做单细胞测序,单细胞测序到底有哪些应用?
前面已经提到,同一组织中的细胞间都是存在异质性的,更不必提不同组织、不同系统中细胞的异质性了。这一异质性,会影响我们对细胞基因功能认知的准确性。单细胞测序能够帮助我们了解那些难以培养的微生物的基因组功能、了解遗传镶嵌功能(Genetic mosaicism)在普通生物学功能或是疾病发生中的作用、了解肿瘤内在异质性对肿瘤发展以及耐药性的影响、重新定义细胞亚型等等。
左为在单细胞生物中的应用,单细胞测序可以帮助我们搜寻稀有(基因组)微生物;右为在多细胞生物中的应用 ,单细胞测序可以帮助我们寻找罕见突变,从而了解基因突变和进化的信息和其对应的生物学功能。
最后再给大家分享两个具体的单细胞测序的应用实例:
1、Single-Cell Resolution of Temporal Gene Expression during Heart Development (Dev Cell. 2016 Nov 21)
在子宫内,心脏最开始是一根管,然后是芽珠状的硬块,再通过自动折叠,最终变成了我们熟知的四腔结构,那么究竟细胞是如何一步一步进行上述程序化的操作的呢?
心脏结构形成过程
该文作者从小鼠胚胎发育的七个不同阶段提取心脏细胞样本,他们将细胞分为三类已知的细胞——心肌细胞、内皮细胞和成纤维细胞,并观察它们的基因活性随时间是如何变化的;他们在小鼠模型中阐明了Nkx2.5杂合突变是如何导致先天性心脏缺陷的。心脏细胞发育图谱的构建有助于我们了解基因和细胞的变化是如何导致心脏结构的变化的、基因突变是如何改变每一个细胞群成熟的方式以及心脏构建过程中的重要步骤是什么。
2、Decoupling genetics, lineages, and microenvironment in IDH-mutant gliomas by single-cell RNA-seq (Science. 2017 Mar 31)
星形细胞瘤和少突胶质细胞瘤都被认为是不治之症,但手术和放疗可明显延长生存期。这两种肿瘤被认为是由支持和保护神经元的神经胶质细胞的亚型发育而来的,但在遗传学、外观和基因表达方面都有所不同。虽然这两种类型的肿瘤都含有类似的神经胶质细胞,它们也都含有该细胞类型的标记,这就引起了人们对它们起源于不同类型细胞这一普遍看法的质疑。
实验流程
该文研究团队对10例星形胶质瘤样本中的9800个细胞和6例少突胶质瘤样本中的4300个细胞进行了单细胞RNA测序。再结合癌症基因组Atlas中的165例转录组数据,研究人员发现,两种肿瘤都含有3种癌症细胞:非增殖性细胞、类神经干细胞和祖细胞。其中的非增殖细胞被细分为星形胶质细胞样和少突胶质细胞样,利用单细胞测序技术,作者阐明了这两种细胞具有相同的起源,其不同之处主要是遗传学差异,以及肿瘤微环境(如特异性免疫细胞丰度等)组成不同。
在该研究中,作者观察到即使在更晚期的肿瘤阶段,越是分化的肿瘤细胞越不容易增殖,这意味着,如果可以促进肿瘤细胞分型,将会显著地控制肿瘤生长。故而作者提出可以使用免疫疗法攻击特定的细胞类型,从而终止肿瘤的生长的治疗策略。
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