封闭是Western Blot 至关重要的一部分, 所以正确的封闭液(blocking buffer)选择可以让抗体更好更准确的和抗原结合,为成功的WB奠定基础。虽然这个步骤操作简单,但是封闭液的选择确是很多科研人员的难题。为了让大家更方便的选择适合自己实验的封闭液,小编在这里给大家介绍6种不同的封闭液,以及它们的优缺点。
1脱脂奶粉(Skimmed Milk Powder)
最便宜而且最好买的封闭剂就属脱脂奶粉了。无论是从化学制品公司还是从超市购买,都可以直接拿来使用。通常封闭液的浓度为 2.5-5% (w/v)。但值得注意的是,脱脂奶粉是许多种蛋白质的混合物,其中含有酪蛋白(casein),是一种磷蛋白(phosphoprotein)。如果你的目标蛋白是磷蛋白的话,千万不要选择脱脂奶粉,否则会有很多背景信号(background signal)。即使你的目标蛋白不是磷蛋白,因为是蛋白质的混合物,所以也容易产生较高的背景信号。
2牛血清白蛋白(Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA))
牛血清白蛋白是从牛血清中提纯之后的一种球蛋白,是除了脱脂奶粉之外,非常常用的封闭剂。通常含有BSA的封闭液的浓度为2-5%(w/v)。但大家也可以根据自己实验的需要来改变浓度,因为价格比较高,所以很多研究人员都是用尽可能低而有效的浓度。虽然BSA不是磷蛋白而且是单一蛋白,但是提纯过程中有可能含有IgG或其他血清蛋白等污染物,这些蛋白都可以和哺乳动物抗体产生交叉反应(cross-react),会增加非特异性背景信号 (non-specific background noise)。
3鱼胶(Fish Gelatin)
用鱼胶当封闭液是从猪皮胶(porcine gelatin)演变而来的。鱼胶是从冷水鱼的皮肤中提取出来的,即使在温度较低的情况下也会不会凝固。通常使用的浓度为0.1-5% (w/v)。不像脱脂奶粉和BSA,它不含有任何的血清蛋白,所以就不会和哺乳动物抗体产生交叉反应,大大降低了背景信号。但是鱼胶不能用来封闭生物素-抗生物素抗体蛋白系统(biotin detection system),因为它含有内源性生物素(endogenous biotin)。
4全血清(Whole Serum)
全血清是许多蛋白质的混合物,例如胎牛血清、兔血清、山羊血清等(eg. fetal calf serum, rabbit serum, goat serum, etc.),同样可以被用来当做封闭剂。大家对它的使用率很低,因为跟脱脂奶粉和BSA相比,并没有什么突出的好处,但价格却更贵。通常使用的浓度为5-10%(w/v)。像BSA一样,它含有免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulins)和血清蛋白,会和哺乳动物抗体产生交叉反应。
5商品化封闭液(Proprietary Commercial Buffers)
商品化封闭液通常含有提纯过的蛋白,但因为是保密配方,小编也不得而知。用这个封闭液的好处就是你可以确定里面不含有磷蛋白、免疫球蛋白、白蛋白、生物素等其他封闭液中难以避免的成分。当然,价格也就更贵。每个商品化封闭液都有自己的Protocol。小编亲测,基本照做就没问题,而且封闭时间很快。
6聚乙烯吡咯烷酮Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
PVP 是传统封闭液的非蛋白质性质的替代品(non-protein alternative。虽然早在1993年就有文献发表,在封闭技术上却是很新的产品。PVP是一种水溶性多聚物(water-soluble polymer),可以很快和硝酸纤维素和PVDF膜结合。通常使用的浓度在0.5-2%(w/v),而且通常会和其他封闭剂一起使用。PVP 在用于检测较小目标蛋白的时候非常有效。
相信大家现在对各种封闭液都有了更全面的了解。总的来说,封闭液的选择基于三样事情:抗体、目标蛋白和检测系统。但是要想找到适合自己目标蛋白的封闭液,并不简单。除了排出一些很明显不合适的,剩下的就需要多花点时间尝试不同种类、不同浓度的封闭液,才能找到最适合的。
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